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Analog indicators
Analog indicators

... wave form even of high harmonics. Error of indication may occur for extreme wave forms (e.g. phase gating controls) and / or frequencies above 100 Hz. These meters are not suitable for use with shunts or tachogenerators due to their high power consumption. The K-series meters offer application-orien ...
Seminar Talk on Neuronal Model
Seminar Talk on Neuronal Model

Measuring Voltage and Current
Measuring Voltage and Current

... Sources of Error • Any instrument (meter) used to make measurements extracts energy from the circuit. (Known as “loading” the circuit). • The amount of error due to loading depends on the effective resistance of the instrument compared with the resistance in the circuit. ...
Overload Currents
Overload Currents

... temperature rise is trivial and has no harmful effect on the circuit components. (It is important that protective devices do not react to them.) Continuous overloads can result from defective motors (such as worn motor bearings), overloaded equipment, or too many loads on one circuit. Such sustained ...
G1-M1 (Protection Relay)
G1-M1 (Protection Relay)

... First Class quality to fulf ill all your monitoring needs Quick view of status with leds Easy conf iguration with knobs ...
iC-LTA/iC-PT Optical Encoder Series
iC-LTA/iC-PT Optical Encoder Series

... needed for the obligatory LED; a few milliamps of operating current are sufficient. This improves the expected lifetime of the LED, especially if the motor has high operating temperatures. Devices iC-LTA and iC-PT control the LED themselves and also compensate for fluctuations in the operating tempe ...
GTH-100 - Nady Systems, Inc.
GTH-100 - Nady Systems, Inc.

Lecture 5: RC Filters. Series Resonance and
Lecture 5: RC Filters. Series Resonance and

Operation Manual  LDM-1000 LVDT/RVDT Signal Conditioning Module
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MAX16841 Controller IC for Dimmable Offline LED Lamps EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE General Description
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classes/2014/electronics/Lecture 3

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Microelectrode electronics

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... It is recommended to widen the PMOS transistor to allow the resistance matches the pull down NMOS device. Typically, r = 3 → 3. Therefore, the ratio is set to be three to maximize the noise margin and to create a circuit with symmetrical voltage-transfer characteristic (VTC). By increasing the width ...
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... switches, are generally used for relatively low-speed low-resolution applications • current-driven converter, switching is accomplished using emittercoupled logic (ECL) current switches, which do not saturate but are driven from the active region to cutoff ...
OPA365 - Texas Instruments
OPA365 - Texas Instruments

RESISTORS FOR CIRCUIT PROTECTION
RESISTORS FOR CIRCUIT PROTECTION

... industry’s most comprehensive range of circuit protection resistors. In addition to offering standard components, TT electronics has worked closely with designers to custom build resistors that are capable of handling high energy pulses. These components may also be designed to fuse, if required, in ...
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adxrs401eb - Kevin.org

... yaw rate gyro. No additional external components are required for operation. The ADXRS401EB has a 20-lead dual in-line (0.3-inch width by 0.1-inch pin spacing) interface that allows the user to easily prototype products without having to deal with BGA soldering. The 0.4 square inch outline of the AD ...
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LTC660 - Linear Technology

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... Sampled analog signal needs to be quantized (digitized). Two questions:  How many discrete digital values?  What analog value does each digital value correspond to? Simplest quantization: linear.  8-bit linear, 16-bit linear. ...
opamp application using lm335-semiconductor temperature sensor
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... output of U1,U2 and U3 are indicated. Calculate the unknown values for the circuit in figure 1 (including V3 DC source) so that the output voltage of the circuit will be Output voltage equal changetoper degree change in but temperature known as temperature sensitivity. temperature in °C in mVs. isFo ...
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ADP3301 数据手册DataSheet 下载
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... above 165°C, the output current is reduced until die temperature has dropped to a safe level. Output current is restored when the die temperature is reduced. Current and thermal limit protections are intended to protect the device against accidental overload conditions. For normal operation, device ...
PSS15S92F6-AG
PSS15S92F6-AG

... type and C2:0.22μ-2μF, good temperature, frequency and DC bias characteristic ceramic type are recommended.) Input drive is High-active type. There is a minimum 3.3kΩ pull-down resistor in the input circuit of IC. To prevent malfunction, the wiring of each input should be as short as possible. When ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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