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AD623 instrumentation amplifier
AD623 instrumentation amplifier

... ac CMRR that increases with increasing gain. Line noise, as well as line harmonics, are rejected because the CMRR remains constant up to 200 Hz. The AD623 has a wide input commonmode range and can amplify signals that have a common-mode voltage 150 mV below ground. Although the design of the AD623 w ...
Fault Analysis on Maximum point Power Tracking based Grid
Fault Analysis on Maximum point Power Tracking based Grid

...  First of all design of PV module is done using simulink .Then Maximum power point tracking (P&O) algorithm was implemented which aimed at tracking the maximum power from the PV array.  At maximum power point, P&O technique perturbs the duty cycle of a DC converter to check for power variations.  ...
Aalborg Universitet A CMOS Power Amplifier using Ground Separation Technique
Aalborg Universitet A CMOS Power Amplifier using Ground Separation Technique

Medium Voltage Switchgear
Medium Voltage Switchgear

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MAX5402 256-Tap, µPoT, Low-Drift, Digital Potentiometer General Description

... The MAX5402 µPoT™ digital potentiometer is a 256-tap variable resistor with 10kΩ total resistance in a tiny 8pin µMAX package. This device functions as a mechanical potentiometer, consisting of a fixed resistor string with a digitally controlled wiper contact. It operates from +2.7V to +5.5V single- ...
Lecture 15 Chapter 28 Circuits
Lecture 15 Chapter 28 Circuits

Evaluates: MAX848/MAX849 MAX849 Evaluation Kit _______________General Description ____________________________Features
Evaluates: MAX848/MAX849 MAX849 Evaluation Kit _______________General Description ____________________________Features

... desired frequency. Or, let the MAX849 determine its own PWM frequency by connecting JU2 1-2. To operate in low-power PFM mode, connect JU2 2-3. ...
ZNBG4000
ZNBG4000

... The above is a partial application circuit for the ZNBG series showing all external components required for appropriate biasing. The bias circuits are unconditionally stable over the full temperature range with the associated FETs and gate and drain capacitors in circuit. Capacitors CD and CG ensure ...
DSI-700 Instruction Manual
DSI-700 Instruction Manual

... line input voltage. The jumper configuration is shown on the circuit board at the location of JP5 in the lower left hand corner. With the shunts in the 120V position, the input voltage is 120-VAC with a resulting output of 0- to 45-volts DC or 0- to 90-volts DC, the range being selected by the jumpe ...


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Topic 4: Digital Circuits

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Errors in Electrodynamometer Type Wattmeter

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LM2907/LM2917 Frequency to Voltage Converter (Rev. D)

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9. Speed control of DC shunt motor

... it. (i.e.,, is directly proportional to Ish & Ish= V/Rsh). When a variable resistance R is connected in series with the shunt field winding as shown in fig. (1), the shunt field current (Ish = V/(Rsh+R)) is reduced & hence the flux Ø. Consequently, the motor runs at a speed higher than the normal sp ...
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Technique for Accurate Voltage Measurement of Energized Street
Technique for Accurate Voltage Measurement of Energized Street

... used to make decisions about mitigation. Standardized measurements emphasize the use of an isolated “true earth” reference at zero potential for all voltage measurements.5 A similar approach is needed to manage contact voltage. Selection of a ground reference for a repeatable, accurate contact volta ...
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BDTIC www.BDTIC.com/infineon TLE4953

... signal. (The sensor is "blind"). During the startup phase (un-calibrated mode) the output is disabled (I = ILow). The magnetic input signal is tracked by the speed ADC and monitored within the digital circuit. For detection the signal needs to exceed a threshold (digital noise constant d1). When the ...
2. fluorescent lamps - Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering
2. fluorescent lamps - Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering

... convenient to use than gas discharge lamps. All electric gas discharge lamps convert electrical energy into light by transforming electricity into kinetic energy of moving electrons, which in turn is converted into radiation as a result of some kind of collision process. The primary process is colli ...
ADuM4160 英文数据手册DataSheet下载
ADuM4160 英文数据手册DataSheet下载

... the D+ and D− lines to external pins. This is desirable in many cases because it minimizes external components and simplifies the design; however, this presents particular challenges when isolation is required. USB lines must automatically switch between actively driving D+/D−, receiving data, and a ...
3.1 analog electronics - ii
3.1 analog electronics - ii

... Expression for frequency modulated wave and frequency spectrum (without proof and analysis of Bessel function), modulation index, maximum frequency deviation and deviation rating Effect of noise on FM carrier, Noise triangle. Need for pre-emphasis and deemphasis Narrow band and wide band FM Comparis ...
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Resistive opto-isolator



Resistive opto-isolator (RO), also called photoresistive opto-isolator, vactrol (after a genericized trademark introduced by Vactec, Inc. in the 1960s), analog opto-isolator or lamp-coupled photocell, is an optoelectronic device consisting of a source and detector of light, which are optically coupled and electrically isolated from each other. The light source is usually a light-emitting diode (LED), a miniature incandescent lamp, or sometimes a neon lamp, whereas the detector is a semiconductor-based photoresistor made of cadmium selenide (CdSe) or cadmium sulfide (CdS). The source and detector are coupled through a transparent glue or through the air.Electrically, RO is a resistance controlled by the current flowing through the light source. In the dark state, the resistance typically exceeds a few MOhm; when illuminated, it decreases as the inverse of the light intensity. In contrast to the photodiode and phototransistor, the photoresistor can operate in both the AC and DC circuits and have a voltage of several hundred volts across it. The harmonic distortions of the output current by the RO are typically within 0.1% at voltages below 0.5 V.RO is the first and the slowest opto-isolator: its switching time exceeds 1 ms, and for the lamp-based models can reach hundreds of milliseconds. Parasitic capacitance limits the frequency range of the photoresistor by ultrasonic frequencies. Cadmium-based photoresistors exhibit a ""memory effect"": their resistance depends on the illumination history; it also drifts during the illumination and stabilizes within hours, or even weeks for high-sensitivity models. Heating induces irreversible degradation of ROs, whereas cooling to below −25 °C dramatically increases the response time. Therefore, ROs were mostly replaced in the 1970s by the faster and more stable photodiodes and photoresistors. ROs are still used in some sound equipment, guitar amplifiers and analog synthesizers owing to their good electrical isolation, low signal distortion and ease of circuit design.
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