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Biol
Biol

... A female fruit fly heterozygous for three linked mutant alleles a,b,c, (genotype AaBbCc) is crossed with a male fly that is homozygous recessive for all three mutant alleles. If the phenotypes of the most common offspring are ABC and abc, and the least common offspring are aBC and Abc, then the orde ...
Sex Linked Genes - Malibu High School
Sex Linked Genes - Malibu High School

... X-linked recessive traits that are not related to feminine body characteristics are primarily expressed in the observable characteristics, or phenotype , of men. This is due to the fact that men only have one X chromosome. Subsequently, genes on that chromosome not coding for gender are usually expr ...
Course Outline for Biology 31
Course Outline for Biology 31

... Stages of cellular respiration and fermentation c. Organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration d. Products of cell respiration-where/how they are used. How Cells Reproduce a. Nuclear and cell division mechanisms b. Eukaryotic cell cycle and mitosis c. Meiosis and sexual reproduction d. Crossi ...
Meiosis forms variable gametes
Meiosis forms variable gametes

The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle

Chapter 15
Chapter 15

... receives both copies and the other gamete receives none. ...
Ch 8 Cell Reproduction Notes
Ch 8 Cell Reproduction Notes

... genetically identical to the original cell. ...
mb_ch08
mb_ch08

... number in the original cell. • Meiosis leads to four haploid cells (gametes) rather than two diploid cells as in mitosis. ...
Chapter 1: Even fish obey Mendel`s laws
Chapter 1: Even fish obey Mendel`s laws

... are carried in the nucleus. In organisms other than bacteria and blue-green algae, genes are arranged on chromosomes. Chromosomes are physical structures that are the vehicles which ensure that each of the two cellular products of a cell division (daughter cells) receives two complete (diploid) sets ...
Chapter 1: Even fish obey Mendel`s laws
Chapter 1: Even fish obey Mendel`s laws

... are carried in the nucleus. In organisms other than bacteria and blue-green algae, genes are arranged on chromosomes. Chromosomes are physical structures that are the vehicles which ensure that each of the two cellular products of a cell division (daughter cells) receives two complete (diploid) sets ...
PPT file - University of Evansville Faculty Web sites
PPT file - University of Evansville Faculty Web sites

... number would be 268 + 3 + 3 + 5 + 5 = 284 / 1448 = 19.6. Aaah! In general, to minimize the effect of double crossovers, it is necessary to measure a number of small RF distances and sum to ...
Directions
Directions

... 7. When you and your mate pushed the like pairs of chromosomes together. What was the "n" number before you pushed them together? _______________________________ What was the "n" number after?______________________________ 8. What is the female gamete called? __________________________ How many sing ...
File
File

... Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 % of the base sequence in DNA is the same in all people. Less than 1 % is unique to each individual (except identical twins). ...
Ch. 4: Modern Genetics
Ch. 4: Modern Genetics

... results in death by the age of four. The disease occurs when harmful quantities of cell membrane components known accumulate in the nerve cells of the brain, eventually leading to the premature death of ...
Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq.46,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq.46,

... Figure l. Arrangement of genetic loci in the Pgd-KIO region of the Drosophila X chromosome. The orientation is from centromere-distal (left) to centromere-proximal (right). Added or changed loci are marked by asterisks (see text). Tolchkov 1985, Dros. Inf. Servo 61 :24; Alatortsev, V.E., LA. Kramero ...
DNA
DNA

... nitrogen bases, the amount of variation among organisms is HUGE. If you change only one letter, the entire code will be changed, and therefore the organism will be different!! ...
Genetic Linkage and Genetic Maps tutorial
Genetic Linkage and Genetic Maps tutorial

... Chromosome mapping by counting recombinant phenotypes produces a genetic map of the chromosome. But all the genes on the chromosome are incorporated in a single molecule of DNA. Genes are simply portions of the molecule (open reading frames or ORFs) encoding products that create the observed trait ( ...
chapter10
chapter10

... Mendel's conclusions have been tested repeatedly by many scientists over the year and found to be generally true. The term allele refers to genes that govern variations of the same feature, e.g. yellow seed and green seed are determined by two alleles of the same gene. Expressed in modern terms, the ...
Enzymes
Enzymes

... system caused by a dominant allele of a gene and can therefore be passed on by only one parent who has the disorder • Cystic fibrosis must be inherited from both parents. The parents may be carriers of the disorder without having the disorder themselves. It is caused by a recessive allele of a gene ...
Mammalian X Chromosome Inactivation
Mammalian X Chromosome Inactivation

... Rarely do fetuses go to term. Rarely do babies survive. Symptoms include: ...
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Complex Patterns of Inheritance

... guidance that informs people about genetic problems that could affect them or their offspring ...
PowerPoint Lecture Chapter 7
PowerPoint Lecture Chapter 7

... 1. Thomas Hunt Morgan worked with fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) 2. Some traits seemed to be inherited together. Morgan called them linked traits. (found on same chromosome) Wild type ...
Common Assessment Review
Common Assessment Review

... DNA is in the shape of a double helix. Hydrogen bonds hold the bases together. ...
Eukaryotic Cells and the Cell Cycle
Eukaryotic Cells and the Cell Cycle

... A series of slides will be set up showing various stages of meiosis in animals using rat testis. See if you can identify the stages available. Giant Chromosomes of Drosophila, (fruit fly). In several tissues of Drosophila and other dipteran insects (flies and such) unique giant chromosomes can be se ...
DRAGON GENETICS LAB
DRAGON GENETICS LAB

... classroom. The lab must be completed on time. 2. Each partner must pick up five Popsicle sticks -- one of each color of autosome, and one sex chromosome stick. Each side of a stick represents a chromosome, and the two sides together represent a pair of homologous chromosomes. 3. For each color autos ...
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Chromosome



A chromosome (chromo- + -some) is a packaged and organized structure containing most of the DNA of a living organism. It is not usually found on its own, but rather is complexed with many structural proteins called histones as well as associated transcription (copying of genetic sequences) factors and several other macromolecules. Two ""sister"" chromatids (half a chromosome) join together at a protein junction called a centromere. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing mitosis. Even then, the full chromosome containing both joined sister chromatids becomes visible only during a sequence of mitosis known as metaphase (when chromosomes align together, attached to the mitotic spindle and prepare to divide). This DNA and its associated proteins and macromolecules is collectively known as chromatin, which is further packaged along with its associated molecules into a discrete structure called a nucleosome. Chromatin is present in most cells, with a few exceptions - erythrocytes for example. Occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chromatin composes the vast majority of all DNA, except for a small amount inherited maternally which is found in mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, chromatin occurs free-floating in cytoplasm, as these cells lack organelles and a defined nucleus. The main information-carrying macromolecule is a single piece of coiled double-stranded DNA, containing many genes, regulatory elements and other noncoding DNA. The DNA-bound macromolecules are proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions. Chromosomes vary widely between different organisms. Some species such as certain bacteria also contain plasmids or other extrachromosomal DNA. These are circular structures in the cytoplasm which contain cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) results either in a four-arm structure (pictured to the right) if the centromere is located in the middle of the chromosome or a two-arm structure if the centromere is located near one of the ends. Chromosomal recombination during meiosis and subsequent sexual reproduction plays a vital role in genetic diversity. If these structures are manipulated incorrectly, through processes known as chromosomal instability and translocation, the cell may undergo mitotic catastrophe and die, or it may unexpectedly evade apoptosis leading to the progression of cancer.In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often densely packed and organized. In the case of archaea by homologs to eukaryotic histones, in the case of bacteria by histone-like proteins. Small circular genomes called plasmids are often found in bacteria and also in mitochondria and chloroplasts, reflecting their bacterial origins.
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