ruh03-schoeb 222944 en
... economies with competitive labour markets and economies with unionised labour markets. In the former case, the optimal tax structures includes profit and labour taxes only (cf. e.g. MacDougall 1960, Bucovetsky and Wilson 1991 and for a survey and some generalizations in dynamic general equilibrium m ...
... economies with competitive labour markets and economies with unionised labour markets. In the former case, the optimal tax structures includes profit and labour taxes only (cf. e.g. MacDougall 1960, Bucovetsky and Wilson 1991 and for a survey and some generalizations in dynamic general equilibrium m ...
Download Full Article
... Problems Identification of Creative Economy Business Actors of… need several contributing factors, including the direction of educational, rewards the creative people, as well as creating a conducive business climate.Florida (2004) predicted that places and cities are able to create innovative new ...
... Problems Identification of Creative Economy Business Actors of… need several contributing factors, including the direction of educational, rewards the creative people, as well as creating a conducive business climate.Florida (2004) predicted that places and cities are able to create innovative new ...
PDF Download
... and the World Bank, encourage governments to reform their indirect tax structure. Many types of reforms have been suggested. For example, the countries are urged to reduce their reliance on discriminatory trade taxes as tariffs,1 and switching to taxes such as income taxes, consumption taxes and VAT ...
... and the World Bank, encourage governments to reform their indirect tax structure. Many types of reforms have been suggested. For example, the countries are urged to reduce their reliance on discriminatory trade taxes as tariffs,1 and switching to taxes such as income taxes, consumption taxes and VAT ...
Get cached
... must be included in the denominator because Revenue Statistics reports data on indirect tax revenue that includes ...
... must be included in the denominator because Revenue Statistics reports data on indirect tax revenue that includes ...
ZE 05-2012.indd - Open Access Agricultural Journals
... of production, it is possible to raise prices and thus to transfer the tax increase to consumers. Goods and services can be distinguished according to the elasticity of demand. If demand elasticity is low, then the buyer requires the same amount almost regardless of price. In contrast, when there is ...
... of production, it is possible to raise prices and thus to transfer the tax increase to consumers. Goods and services can be distinguished according to the elasticity of demand. If demand elasticity is low, then the buyer requires the same amount almost regardless of price. In contrast, when there is ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
... Another issue must be mentioned as well. In a recent paper, Kaplow (1996) emphasizes that income taxes can be used as a source of financing public goods without the generation of distortions. Applied to environmental taxation and green tax reforms, this implies that income (labor) taxation schemes ar ...
... Another issue must be mentioned as well. In a recent paper, Kaplow (1996) emphasizes that income taxes can be used as a source of financing public goods without the generation of distortions. Applied to environmental taxation and green tax reforms, this implies that income (labor) taxation schemes ar ...
The US Corporate Tax Code: Ripe for Bipartisan Reform
... “Corporation Income Tax Brackets and Rates, 19092002.” Income tax brackets have been “altered almost from year to year due to revised tax laws, changing accounting practices, and changes in the economy (not to mention the taxpayers’ ever-growing sophistication in tax avoidance).”5 In biological syst ...
... “Corporation Income Tax Brackets and Rates, 19092002.” Income tax brackets have been “altered almost from year to year due to revised tax laws, changing accounting practices, and changes in the economy (not to mention the taxpayers’ ever-growing sophistication in tax avoidance).”5 In biological syst ...
Chapter10 Externalities
... • Deadweight Loss in Economic Welfare due to the negative externality – Triangle H is the deadweight loss to society, or reduction in total surplus, caused by the externality associated with producing aluminum. • Another way of understanding the nature of the market failure arising from an external ...
... • Deadweight Loss in Economic Welfare due to the negative externality – Triangle H is the deadweight loss to society, or reduction in total surplus, caused by the externality associated with producing aluminum. • Another way of understanding the nature of the market failure arising from an external ...
Could you have a check in the mail?
... explicitly place side sewer ownership and maintenance responsibilities with private property owners). Furthermore, only the length of side sewers in the public right-of-way should be included in this calculation – a standard assumption would be about 30 LF per sewer service connection within a 60-fo ...
... explicitly place side sewer ownership and maintenance responsibilities with private property owners). Furthermore, only the length of side sewers in the public right-of-way should be included in this calculation – a standard assumption would be about 30 LF per sewer service connection within a 60-fo ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FREE TRADE TAXATION AND PROTECTIOMST TAXATION Joel Slemrod
... rate to be equal across countries, and therefore no reason for global production efficiency to be ...
... rate to be equal across countries, and therefore no reason for global production efficiency to be ...
Market demand is simply a horizontal summation
... According to Alfred Marshall, demand schedule shows the amounts of a good that consumers are willing to purchase at various prices. Later, the term “demand schedule’ was changed to “demand curve.” It is not a single number. It depends on many variables. However, we focus on relevant economic variabl ...
... According to Alfred Marshall, demand schedule shows the amounts of a good that consumers are willing to purchase at various prices. Later, the term “demand schedule’ was changed to “demand curve.” It is not a single number. It depends on many variables. However, we focus on relevant economic variabl ...
Judd
... and lifetime income. While it is not realistic to assume that people ignore future returns in making current savings choices since many investments, such as education, have predominately long-run returns, some may argue that this perfect foresight optimal growth model goes too far in the other direc ...
... and lifetime income. While it is not realistic to assume that people ignore future returns in making current savings choices since many investments, such as education, have predominately long-run returns, some may argue that this perfect foresight optimal growth model goes too far in the other direc ...
Tax Structure and Economic Growth Young Lee and Roger H. Gordon
... demonstrates that a constant labor income tax rate does not affect educational incentives per se, since the government then shares equally in the foregone earnings and the future return from education. ...
... demonstrates that a constant labor income tax rate does not affect educational incentives per se, since the government then shares equally in the foregone earnings and the future return from education. ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES TAX AVERSION, DEFICITS AND THE
... T0(T). If (9) is positive, the change in T is only partially offset by the change in 0(T) in the opposite direction. It can be readily shown (section A of the appendix) that if (9) ...
... T0(T). If (9) is positive, the change in T is only partially offset by the change in 0(T) in the opposite direction. It can be readily shown (section A of the appendix) that if (9) ...
equilibrium path
... voters. Because the decisive voter is always young, and her preferences are for zero labor tax, no social security benefits will be paid to the old. The young is indifferent to immigration because it does not influences her current income, or the next period decisive voter's identity. As a result, t ...
... voters. Because the decisive voter is always young, and her preferences are for zero labor tax, no social security benefits will be paid to the old. The young is indifferent to immigration because it does not influences her current income, or the next period decisive voter's identity. As a result, t ...
The Economics of Taxes
... • According to Laffer’s diagram, raising tax rates initially increases revenue, but beyond a certain level revenue falls instead as tax rates continue to rise. That is, at some point tax rates are so high and reduce the number of transactions so greatly that tax revenues fall. When Ronald Reagan ...
... • According to Laffer’s diagram, raising tax rates initially increases revenue, but beyond a certain level revenue falls instead as tax rates continue to rise. That is, at some point tax rates are so high and reduce the number of transactions so greatly that tax revenues fall. When Ronald Reagan ...
Slides 1
... Other papers compare outcomes with tax havens and without tax havens The extent to which tax havens are integrated in the world economy depends on policy choices More than half of EU-countries have zero withholding tax rate on interest payments to havens Possible explanations political economy tax h ...
... Other papers compare outcomes with tax havens and without tax havens The extent to which tax havens are integrated in the world economy depends on policy choices More than half of EU-countries have zero withholding tax rate on interest payments to havens Possible explanations political economy tax h ...
US Inbound Tax Services
... and the “first-sale” principle. Our experienced Trade & Customs professionals help companies engaged in international trade reduce their supply chain costs and achieve operational efficiencies through a broad range of trade advisory services. Tax Dispute Resolution Services As pressure increases on ...
... and the “first-sale” principle. Our experienced Trade & Customs professionals help companies engaged in international trade reduce their supply chain costs and achieve operational efficiencies through a broad range of trade advisory services. Tax Dispute Resolution Services As pressure increases on ...
The research reported here is part in Martin Feldstein NBER's research program
... amount of taxation or borrowing, a mixed solution may be possible. I shall assume that dG is small enough to imply constant per dollar burdens. ...
... amount of taxation or borrowing, a mixed solution may be possible. I shall assume that dG is small enough to imply constant per dollar burdens. ...
Krugman`s Chapter 7 PPT
... Most American workers pay 7.65% of their earnings in FICA. In addition, each employer is required to pay an amount equal to the contribution of his or her employee. Is FICA really shared equally by workers and employers? No, FICA falls mainly on the suppliers of labor, that is, workers in the ...
... Most American workers pay 7.65% of their earnings in FICA. In addition, each employer is required to pay an amount equal to the contribution of his or her employee. Is FICA really shared equally by workers and employers? No, FICA falls mainly on the suppliers of labor, that is, workers in the ...
Lecture Notes Week 1
... • Chelliah, Baas and Kelly studied the tax ratio of 47 developing countries (1966 to 1971) • The average T/Y ratio was 13.6 percent in 1966-67 • Increased to 15.1 percent by 1971 • For sixteen developed countries in Europe and North America, the ratio T/Y for the period was 26.2 percent • For fiftee ...
... • Chelliah, Baas and Kelly studied the tax ratio of 47 developing countries (1966 to 1971) • The average T/Y ratio was 13.6 percent in 1966-67 • Increased to 15.1 percent by 1971 • For sixteen developed countries in Europe and North America, the ratio T/Y for the period was 26.2 percent • For fiftee ...
Substitution and income effects at the aggregate level
... cost of public goods and services and, as a result, he underestimates their real marginal cost and mistakenly chooses to overspend (Oates 1979, Logan 1986, Turnbull 1998). In contrast, Dahlby’s (2011) explanation requires no misperception from local agents, who correctly choose to spend a high propo ...
... cost of public goods and services and, as a result, he underestimates their real marginal cost and mistakenly chooses to overspend (Oates 1979, Logan 1986, Turnbull 1998). In contrast, Dahlby’s (2011) explanation requires no misperception from local agents, who correctly choose to spend a high propo ...
File
... consumer's income, the greater the PED. The PED on a house might be higher than the PED on a package of gum because the price increase on a house is higher as a percentage of the buyers income. ...
... consumer's income, the greater the PED. The PED on a house might be higher than the PED on a package of gum because the price increase on a house is higher as a percentage of the buyers income. ...
2. possible abolition of residential stamp duty
... The Discussion Draft rightly concludes that “as stamp duties add only marginally to the price of housing, their removal could not be expected to have a large effect on housing affordability”. The NSW Government currently provides significant first home buyer stamp duty concessions. First home buyers ...
... The Discussion Draft rightly concludes that “as stamp duties add only marginally to the price of housing, their removal could not be expected to have a large effect on housing affordability”. The NSW Government currently provides significant first home buyer stamp duty concessions. First home buyers ...
Alcohol Taxes, Tax Revenue and the Single European Market
... between these two extremes there will be a rate that maximises revenue. Increasing the tax rate from zero will lead to increases in revenue, but only up to a tax rate of τ*. If the tax rate is less than τ*, then cutting duty will lead to a fall in total revenue because the revenue loss on each unit ...
... between these two extremes there will be a rate that maximises revenue. Increasing the tax rate from zero will lead to increases in revenue, but only up to a tax rate of τ*. If the tax rate is less than τ*, then cutting duty will lead to a fall in total revenue because the revenue loss on each unit ...
Laffer curve
In economics, the Laffer curve is one possible representation of the relationship between rates of taxation and the hypothetical resulting levels of government revenue. The Laffer curve claims to illustrate the concept of taxable income elasticity—i.e., taxable income will change in response to changes in the rate of taxation. It postulates that no tax revenue will be raised at the extreme tax rates of 0% and 100% and that there must be at least one rate where tax revenue would be a non-zero maximum.The Laffer curve is typically represented as a graph which starts at 0% tax with zero revenue, rises to a maximum rate of revenue at an intermediate rate of taxation, and then falls again to zero revenue at a 100% tax rate. The shape of the curve is uncertain and disputed.One potential result of the Laffer curve is that increasing tax rates beyond a certain point will be counter-productive for raising further tax revenue. A hypothetical Laffer curve for any given economy can only be estimated and such estimates are controversial. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics reports that estimates of revenue-maximizing tax rates have varied widely, with a mid-range of around 70%.Although economist Arthur Laffer does not claim to have invented the Laffer curve concept, it was popularized in the west with policymakers following an afternoon meeting with Ford Administration officials Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld in 1974 in which he reportedly sketched the curve on a napkin to illustrate his argument. The term ""Laffer curve"" was coined by Jude Wanniski, who was also present at the meeting. The basic concept was not new; Laffer himself notes antecedents in the writings of the 14th century Arab Muslim social philosopher Ibn Khaldun.