Powerpoints
... Information is provided about cause and effect. The payment vehicle is clearly stated and is appropriate to the particular problem. Care must be taken so that the contingent valuation exercise does not become a referendum on the payment vehicle, for example the choice to raise taxes. ...
... Information is provided about cause and effect. The payment vehicle is clearly stated and is appropriate to the particular problem. Care must be taken so that the contingent valuation exercise does not become a referendum on the payment vehicle, for example the choice to raise taxes. ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MOBILITY AND TAX EVASION Working Paper No. 2460
... international capital mobility. It discusses the general-equilibrium effects of tax evasion and evaluates its impact on domestic welfare, under the assumption that the distortionary taxes on capital income cannot be removed. International capital mobility and the constraints it imposes or' ...
... international capital mobility. It discusses the general-equilibrium effects of tax evasion and evaluates its impact on domestic welfare, under the assumption that the distortionary taxes on capital income cannot be removed. International capital mobility and the constraints it imposes or' ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... Bureau of Economic Research
... of the form U • Pv and a comprehensive CV or EV of the form (Un U°)Puor (Un - U°)Pu- Additional discounting in this case would not be necessary. Either the CV or EV would be a valid measure of the number of additional dollars in one set of lifetime prices that would be required to attain a different ...
... of the form U • Pv and a comprehensive CV or EV of the form (Un U°)Puor (Un - U°)Pu- Additional discounting in this case would not be necessary. Either the CV or EV would be a valid measure of the number of additional dollars in one set of lifetime prices that would be required to attain a different ...
Negative Externalities
... externality may be small, and it may not be worth regulating the externality. When demand is elastic, the socially optimal level of production, Qe, is farther away from the competitive level, Qc. In this case, the inefficiency associated with the production externality may be relatively large, and r ...
... externality may be small, and it may not be worth regulating the externality. When demand is elastic, the socially optimal level of production, Qe, is farther away from the competitive level, Qc. In this case, the inefficiency associated with the production externality may be relatively large, and r ...
Tanzi
... the same weight to Brazil and, say, Singapore or Honduras. It is highly likely that now a larger share of the population (and not of the countries) of Latin America is subjected to higher tax burdens than in the OECD countries. Changes in Tax Structures From a superficial look at the tax systems of ...
... the same weight to Brazil and, say, Singapore or Honduras. It is highly likely that now a larger share of the population (and not of the countries) of Latin America is subjected to higher tax burdens than in the OECD countries. Changes in Tax Structures From a superficial look at the tax systems of ...
PDF (view with Acrobat)
... b. Instead of regulating each firm must eliminate pollution, the Government issues 4 “permits to pollute 1 ton”. Each firm is given one of the permits, but they are allowed to trade the permits. We still will end up with 4 tons of pollution, but who will do the pollution? (who will buy/sell the perm ...
... b. Instead of regulating each firm must eliminate pollution, the Government issues 4 “permits to pollute 1 ton”. Each firm is given one of the permits, but they are allowed to trade the permits. We still will end up with 4 tons of pollution, but who will do the pollution? (who will buy/sell the perm ...
measuring the impact of tax reform
... from the same population. Even if highincome people respond to marginal tax rate reductions, we are not necessarily justified in assuming that low-income people would respond in the same manner to comparable marginal tax rate reductions. These groups may differ in their preferences or in their abili ...
... from the same population. Even if highincome people respond to marginal tax rate reductions, we are not necessarily justified in assuming that low-income people would respond in the same manner to comparable marginal tax rate reductions. These groups may differ in their preferences or in their abili ...
Price of Information - How do we put a value on it?
... • Value added by PSI users – Oxera for OS: OS products and services used in 12-20% of UK gross value added or £79-136bn – Royal Geographical Society: 8% to mapping – Very high numbers: all valued added is ‘PSI value’ ...
... • Value added by PSI users – Oxera for OS: OS products and services used in 12-20% of UK gross value added or £79-136bn – Royal Geographical Society: 8% to mapping – Very high numbers: all valued added is ‘PSI value’ ...
The Effects on Equity of an Increase in the Value
... the tax on consumption can be decomposed into two components: one distortionary component that acts on households decisions exactly like a tax on labor income, and a non-distortionary component because taxing initial wealth does not allow for “legal evasion” by economic agents. Once understood this ...
... the tax on consumption can be decomposed into two components: one distortionary component that acts on households decisions exactly like a tax on labor income, and a non-distortionary component because taxing initial wealth does not allow for “legal evasion” by economic agents. Once understood this ...
Chapter 11
... use or in a secure electronic network environment that prevents downloading or reproducing the copyrighted material. Otherwise, no part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including, but not limited to ...
... use or in a secure electronic network environment that prevents downloading or reproducing the copyrighted material. Otherwise, no part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including, but not limited to ...
STUDY GUIDE—RENTS AND EXTERNALITIES 1. The Benefit From
... allocation in the economy is Pareto-efficient. This means that rents to producers and consumers combined are maximized. When the distribution of income changes the mix of goods produced and consumed changes. There is still an allocation of resources that will be Pareto-optimal but this will be a dif ...
... allocation in the economy is Pareto-efficient. This means that rents to producers and consumers combined are maximized. When the distribution of income changes the mix of goods produced and consumed changes. There is still an allocation of resources that will be Pareto-optimal but this will be a dif ...
Chapter10 Externalities
... is that the initial allocation of pollution permits among firms does not matter from the standpoint of economic efficiency. – Those firms that can reduce pollution most easily would be willing to sell whatever permits they get, and those firms that can reduce pollution only at high cost would be wil ...
... is that the initial allocation of pollution permits among firms does not matter from the standpoint of economic efficiency. – Those firms that can reduce pollution most easily would be willing to sell whatever permits they get, and those firms that can reduce pollution only at high cost would be wil ...
Lecture 13
... • Taxes are the “price” that we pay for these goods. • Even so, there are certain principles that should be adhered to, where possible: • Taxes should be matched with the benefits that they finance. • Taxes should be designed to minimize deadweight loss. ...
... • Taxes are the “price” that we pay for these goods. • Even so, there are certain principles that should be adhered to, where possible: • Taxes should be matched with the benefits that they finance. • Taxes should be designed to minimize deadweight loss. ...
Bingo Lessor`s Quarterly Report
... 1-30 days late and 10% if more than 30 days late. An additional 10% jeopardy determination penalty could be assessed on the unpaid rental taxes. • Item 4 - Late filing interest; beginning 60 days after the due date, interest will begin to accrue on the unpaid balance until the balance is paid. Becau ...
... 1-30 days late and 10% if more than 30 days late. An additional 10% jeopardy determination penalty could be assessed on the unpaid rental taxes. • Item 4 - Late filing interest; beginning 60 days after the due date, interest will begin to accrue on the unpaid balance until the balance is paid. Becau ...
Chapter 2 (Math Operations) Powerpoint
... ◦ Recap: a variable is a way to label and access information. Instead of having to know exactly where in the computers memory something is store, you use a variable to get at it. ◦ name = “Larry” ◦ This line is called an assignment statement. ◦ Technically, an assignment statement stores the value o ...
... ◦ Recap: a variable is a way to label and access information. Instead of having to know exactly where in the computers memory something is store, you use a variable to get at it. ◦ name = “Larry” ◦ This line is called an assignment statement. ◦ Technically, an assignment statement stores the value o ...
Debt (B) Equity
... Recall: Firms and investors can borrow/lend at the same rate, and there are no taxes The (uncertain) dollar return on the firm’s assets is given by Y Jacoby, Stangeland and Wajeeh, 2000 ...
... Recall: Firms and investors can borrow/lend at the same rate, and there are no taxes The (uncertain) dollar return on the firm’s assets is given by Y Jacoby, Stangeland and Wajeeh, 2000 ...
Lecture 3 Non-renewable resource exploitation: externalities, exploration, scarcity and rents
... consider that a non-renewable resource may exist in plentiful quantities in the ground, but not necessarily in places and in concentrations where it is relatively easy to extract, we can begin to see that simple physical de…nitions of resource scarcity are perhaps not very useful. In addition, a res ...
... consider that a non-renewable resource may exist in plentiful quantities in the ground, but not necessarily in places and in concentrations where it is relatively easy to extract, we can begin to see that simple physical de…nitions of resource scarcity are perhaps not very useful. In addition, a res ...
Value Functions and Reinforcement Learning
... Value functions provide a partial ordering over policies: if the expected return for π 0 is greater than that for π, ...
... Value functions provide a partial ordering over policies: if the expected return for π 0 is greater than that for π, ...
- Catalyst
... expensive (cheaper) to clean up carbon than expected. A tax guarantees that the cost to companies (the tax) will remain constant, while the amount of carbon emitted can increase (decrease) if it is more expensive (cheaper) to clean up carbon than expected. Another difference has to do with who gain ...
... expensive (cheaper) to clean up carbon than expected. A tax guarantees that the cost to companies (the tax) will remain constant, while the amount of carbon emitted can increase (decrease) if it is more expensive (cheaper) to clean up carbon than expected. Another difference has to do with who gain ...
Land Taxation in New York City: A General Equilibrium Analysis
... rate will, ceteris paribus, have higher land prices and potentially higher or lower wages, depending on parameters of production technology and working household preferences. Analogous arguments can be constructed for increases in public goods, taxes constant (Haughwout 2002). Of particular note her ...
... rate will, ceteris paribus, have higher land prices and potentially higher or lower wages, depending on parameters of production technology and working household preferences. Analogous arguments can be constructed for increases in public goods, taxes constant (Haughwout 2002). Of particular note her ...
Unit Taxes and Ad Valorem Taxes
... Favor expensive units Inflation can have adverse effect on real tax ...
... Favor expensive units Inflation can have adverse effect on real tax ...
Percents, Discounts and Interest
... A percent is a representation of a number, compared to a total value of 100. A percent which is less than a whole, will be expressed as a number less than 100, while a number which is greater than one whole will be above 100. To calculate a percent… - from a fraction: - divide the numerator by the d ...
... A percent is a representation of a number, compared to a total value of 100. A percent which is less than a whole, will be expressed as a number less than 100, while a number which is greater than one whole will be above 100. To calculate a percent… - from a fraction: - divide the numerator by the d ...
TAXATION: ALERTNESS AND RISK
... A first reason to exclude the entrepreneur from taxation is that demand is not the desire of the consumer for a hypothetical product not yet produced. “[T]he demand that is expressed in the demand curve for a product means the quantities of it that consumers will be prepared to buy, at given prices, ...
... A first reason to exclude the entrepreneur from taxation is that demand is not the desire of the consumer for a hypothetical product not yet produced. “[T]he demand that is expressed in the demand curve for a product means the quantities of it that consumers will be prepared to buy, at given prices, ...
value freedom in economics.
... poverty."Wow the way external diseconomies are usually defined and analyzed by economists is as follows: A harms B and B is unable to stop A from so doing, or to charge him for it. Therefore the proper role for government (notice the implicit moralizing?) is to tax A to quell the "overindulgence" i ...
... poverty."Wow the way external diseconomies are usually defined and analyzed by economists is as follows: A harms B and B is unable to stop A from so doing, or to charge him for it. Therefore the proper role for government (notice the implicit moralizing?) is to tax A to quell the "overindulgence" i ...
Georgism
Georgism (also known as geoism and geonomics) is an economic philosophy holding that the economic value derived from land, including natural resources and natural opportunities, should belong equally to all residents of a community, but that people justly own value that they fairly create. The Georgist paradigm offers solutions to social and ecological problems, relying on principles of land rights and public finance which attempt to integrate economic efficiency with social justice. Georgism is consistent with free trade and the abolition of tariffs.Georgism is concerned with the just distribution of economic rent caused by natural monopolies, pollution, and the control of commons, including title over natural resources and other contrived privileges (e.g., intellectual property). Any natural resource, which is inherently limited in supply, can generate economic rent, but the classical and most significant example of 'land monopoly' involves the extraction of common ground rent from valuable urban locations.Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is efficient, fair, and equitable. The main Georgist policy tool is a fee assessed on location value, often referred to as a land value tax (LVT). Georgists argue that socially captured rents can reduce or eliminate existing taxes on labor and investment that are unfair or inefficient. Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue collected from economic rent back to the people through a basic income or citizen's dividend.Economists since Adam Smith have observed that, unlike other taxes, a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency and even stimulates economic activity. A land value tax is often said to have progressive tax effects, in that it is paid primarily by the wealthy, and it cannot be passed on to tenants, workers, or users of land. Land value capture would reduce economic inequality, increase wages, remove incentives to misuse real estate, and reduce the vulnerability that economies face from credit and property bubbles.The philosophical basis of Georgism dates back to several early proponents such as John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, and Thomas Paine, but the concept of gaining public revenues from natural resource privileges was widely popularized by the economist and social reformer Henry George and his first book, Progress and Poverty.Henry George wrote that his plan would call upon people ""to contribute to the public, not in proportion to what they produce . . . but in proportion to the value of natural [common] opportunities that they hold [monopolize]."" He went on to explain that ""by taking for public use that value which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the community,"" it would, ""make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profitable only to the user."" Under George's plan, it would be impossible for speculators to hold valuable natural opportunities like urban real estate unused or only partly used. George claimed this would have many benefits, including the reduction or removal of tax burdens from poorer neighborhoods and agricultural districts; the removal of a multiplicity of taxes and expensive obsolete government institutions; the elimination of corruption, fraud, and evasion in the collection of taxes; the enablement of true free trade; the destruction of monopolies; the elevation of wages to the full value of labor; the transformation of labor saving inventions into blessings for all; and the equitable distribution of comfort, leisure, and other advantages that are made possible by an advancing civilization.Where free competition is impossible, such as telegraphs, water, gas, and transportation, George wrote, ""[S]uch business becomes a proper social function, which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned."" Georgists were divided by this question of natural monopolies and often favored public ownership only of the rents from common rights-of-way, rather than public ownership of utility companies themselves.Georgist ideas were popular and influential. Political parties, institutions and communities were founded based on Georgist principles during that time. Early followers of George's philosophy called themselves Single Taxers, associated with the idea of raising public revenue exclusively from land and privileges, but the term is considered a misnomer because Georgists do not consider their proposals to be true taxes and they usually support multiple funding mechanisms. In classical and Georgist economics, the term 'land' is defined as all locations, natural opportunities, resources, physical forces, and government privileges over economic domains, which is closely related to the concept of commons. Georgism was coined later, and some prefer the term geoism or geonomics to distinguish their beliefs from those of Henry George.