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Investigation of smart fluid properties in secondary
Investigation of smart fluid properties in secondary

PHY481 - Lecture 7: The electrostatic potential and potential energy
PHY481 - Lecture 7: The electrostatic potential and potential energy

... Eq. (7) of Lecture 5. Another good example is a finite rod of charge. This can also be used to find the potential due to a square loop of charge. We have not yet carried out superposition calculations for three dimensional charge distributions - for the electric field case we only considered one dim ...
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... values n21 þ n23 and n2 are the Lorentz-invariants. Parameters n1, n3 are scalars, and n2 is pseudo-scalar. In case when none of Stokes parameters is equal to zero, it is spoken about elliptic polarization, and when n2 = 0—about linear polarization of the radiation. In the last case, the following v ...
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... The sodium spectrum is dominated by the bright doublet known as the Sodium D-lines at 588.9950 and 589.5924 nanometers. From the energy level diagram it can be seen that these lines are emitted in a transition from the 3p to the 3s levels. The line at 589.0 has twice the intensity of the line at 589 ...
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Lecture slides - University of Toronto Physics

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Your Paper`s Title Starts Here:

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Taking Demagnetization into Account in Permanent Magnets

< 1 ... 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 ... 661 >

Aharonov–Bohm effect

The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic field (E, B), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field B and electric field E are zero. The underlying mechanism is the coupling of the electromagnetic potential with the complex phase of a charged particle's wavefunction, and the Aharonov–Bohm effect is accordingly illustrated by interference experiments.The most commonly described case, sometimes called the Aharonov–Bohm solenoid effect, takes place when the wave function of a charged particle passing around a long solenoid experiences a phase shift as a result of the enclosed magnetic field, despite the magnetic field being negligible in the region through which the particle passes and the particle's wavefunction being negligible inside the solenoid. This phase shift has been observed experimentally. There are also magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects on bound energies and scattering cross sections, but these cases have not been experimentally tested. An electric Aharonov–Bohm phenomenon was also predicted, in which a charged particle is affected by regions with different electrical potentials but zero electric field, but this has no experimental confirmation yet. A separate ""molecular"" Aharonov–Bohm effect was proposed for nuclear motion in multiply connected regions, but this has been argued to be a different kind of geometric phase as it is ""neither nonlocal nor topological"", depending only on local quantities along the nuclear path.Werner Ehrenberg and Raymond E. Siday first predicted the effect in 1949, and similar effects were later published by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm in 1959. After publication of the 1959 paper, Bohm was informed of Ehrenberg and Siday's work, which was acknowledged and credited in Bohm and Aharonov's subsequent 1961 paper.Subsequently, the effect was confirmed experimentally by several authors; a general review can be found in Peshkin and Tonomura (1989).
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