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electrical potential energy
electrical potential energy

The search for magnetic monopoles
The search for magnetic monopoles

... Second, the condition implies that if monopoles exist, the Such solutions are “lumps” of field with finite, nonzero size, electric charge must be quantized. In other words, all particles each lump consisting of a large number of elementary quanta. must have an electric charge that’s an integer multipl ...
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... This is the magnitude of the force which each charge exerts on the other charge (recall Newton’s 3rd law). If the charges q1 and q2 are of the same sign (both positive or both negative) then the force is mutually repulsive and the force on each charge points away from the other charge. If the charge ...
Force of Attraction / Repulsion r QQ F = Force of Attraction
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... = 2.30 ⋅ 10−6 C = 2.30 μC Phys155 • 1-3: Separation of Charge – Electric Fields ...
Electromagnetic radiation and resonance
Electromagnetic radiation and resonance

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... dependence of electron is appeared. In our knowledge, these different sources of fast electrons are mentioned for the first time. This clears up many experiments and PIC simulations which are related with polarization dependence phenomena. A fully relativistic single particle code is developed to in ...
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... physiological functions, health and vitality. Moreover, “spontaneous” intracellular ionic oscillations in the extremely low frequency (ELF: 0-300 Hz) range within every part of the body seem to constitute the peripheral clocks controlled by the central biological clock. Similar biological clocks and ...
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... when we have a set of discrete sources 共point charges, point dipoles, etc.兲. In other situations, for example, a continuous charge density, it is not appropriate 共see Sec. VII C兲. We show in Fig. 3 two frames of an animation using this definition of the velocity of electric field lines to animate th ...
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... domains, where the local magnetization is homogeneous and reaches the saturation value. The formation of domains allows a ferromagnetic material to minimize its total magnetic energy, whereby the magnetostatic energy is the principal driving force for domain formation. The direction of the magnetiza ...
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Aharonov–Bohm effect

The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic field (E, B), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field B and electric field E are zero. The underlying mechanism is the coupling of the electromagnetic potential with the complex phase of a charged particle's wavefunction, and the Aharonov–Bohm effect is accordingly illustrated by interference experiments.The most commonly described case, sometimes called the Aharonov–Bohm solenoid effect, takes place when the wave function of a charged particle passing around a long solenoid experiences a phase shift as a result of the enclosed magnetic field, despite the magnetic field being negligible in the region through which the particle passes and the particle's wavefunction being negligible inside the solenoid. This phase shift has been observed experimentally. There are also magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects on bound energies and scattering cross sections, but these cases have not been experimentally tested. An electric Aharonov–Bohm phenomenon was also predicted, in which a charged particle is affected by regions with different electrical potentials but zero electric field, but this has no experimental confirmation yet. A separate ""molecular"" Aharonov–Bohm effect was proposed for nuclear motion in multiply connected regions, but this has been argued to be a different kind of geometric phase as it is ""neither nonlocal nor topological"", depending only on local quantities along the nuclear path.Werner Ehrenberg and Raymond E. Siday first predicted the effect in 1949, and similar effects were later published by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm in 1959. After publication of the 1959 paper, Bohm was informed of Ehrenberg and Siday's work, which was acknowledged and credited in Bohm and Aharonov's subsequent 1961 paper.Subsequently, the effect was confirmed experimentally by several authors; a general review can be found in Peshkin and Tonomura (1989).
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