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Quantum State Preparation via Asymptotic Completeness
Quantum State Preparation via Asymptotic Completeness

... N ! `, M r0  does not depend on the initial field state r0 , and its eigenvalues are 0 and 1. In the following, we will consider the vacuum j0 as initial field state, so that M r0   M 00 . In this case, it is useful to look also at the time-reversed process: Given an arbitrary field state jx ...
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... corresponds to a similar reduction in erosion rate. Another influence on sheath formation, from Ref. 1, includes the applied, perpendicular to the wall, electric field potential between the Hall Thruster anode and cathode. An electric potential, E⊥ , of 20 kV /m was used, and reducing this lead to a t ...
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... This magnetic shielding has the effect that a higher external field is required to meet the resonance condition in an experiment in which the field is varied, while at a constant field, B0, the resonance condition is met at a lower frequency than might be expected. In a NMR experiment, the inevitabl ...
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... Q values are often on the order of 10-9 or possibly 10-6 Coulombs. For this reason, charge is often expressed in units of microCoulomb (µC) and nanoCoulomb (nC). If a problem states the charge in these units, it is advisable to first convert to Coulombs prior to substitution into the Coulomb's ...
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... PLE measurements on a 1D ground states were achieved on an isolated single quantum wire. We observed a signature of 1D DOS represented by an absorption peak at the band edge, which indicates a high uniformity of our sample. The tunable density range covers ...
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Classification of Topologically ordered Phases

... No local order parameters Characterized by - Ground state degeneracy [Tsui, Stormer, & - Fractional statistics of quasiparticles (anyons) - Topological entanglement entropy - Long-range entanglement (LRE) [Chen, Gu, & Wen’ 10] ...
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... When ρ and J are known, Maxwell’s equations may be solved for E and B, subject to suitable boundary conditions. Conversely, if E and B are known, then ρ and J can be determined from Newton’s equations with the Lorentz force Eq. (3). In general, therefore, Maxwell’s equations for the electromagnetic ...
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... The question of possible generation of neutrons in a strong atmospheric electric discharge (lightning) has quite long history and can be tracked before work [1] in which possibility of acceleration of particles in electric fields of a thundercloud up to the energies sufficient for initiation of nucl ...
Quantum Fields near Black Holes - Theoretisch
Quantum Fields near Black Holes - Theoretisch

fizika kvantum
fizika kvantum

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Aharonov–Bohm effect

The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic field (E, B), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field B and electric field E are zero. The underlying mechanism is the coupling of the electromagnetic potential with the complex phase of a charged particle's wavefunction, and the Aharonov–Bohm effect is accordingly illustrated by interference experiments.The most commonly described case, sometimes called the Aharonov–Bohm solenoid effect, takes place when the wave function of a charged particle passing around a long solenoid experiences a phase shift as a result of the enclosed magnetic field, despite the magnetic field being negligible in the region through which the particle passes and the particle's wavefunction being negligible inside the solenoid. This phase shift has been observed experimentally. There are also magnetic Aharonov–Bohm effects on bound energies and scattering cross sections, but these cases have not been experimentally tested. An electric Aharonov–Bohm phenomenon was also predicted, in which a charged particle is affected by regions with different electrical potentials but zero electric field, but this has no experimental confirmation yet. A separate ""molecular"" Aharonov–Bohm effect was proposed for nuclear motion in multiply connected regions, but this has been argued to be a different kind of geometric phase as it is ""neither nonlocal nor topological"", depending only on local quantities along the nuclear path.Werner Ehrenberg and Raymond E. Siday first predicted the effect in 1949, and similar effects were later published by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm in 1959. After publication of the 1959 paper, Bohm was informed of Ehrenberg and Siday's work, which was acknowledged and credited in Bohm and Aharonov's subsequent 1961 paper.Subsequently, the effect was confirmed experimentally by several authors; a general review can be found in Peshkin and Tonomura (1989).
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