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Current Sensing Relay Driver
Current Sensing Relay Driver

... current-to-voltage converter. No, that's not an expensive chip! They're usually known as resistors! In this one the sensing resistor is bypassed by diodes (so the current sensed can be varied over a wide range. The current to be sensed should flow from A to B. It flows either through R1 or (if big e ...
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IOSR Journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP)
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... that are "doped" by adding impurities become full-scale conductors of either extra electrons with a negative charge (N-type transistors) or of positive charge carriers (P-type transistors). In CMOS technology, both kinds of transistors are used in a complementary way to form a current gate that form ...
Ohm`s Law
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... The 6Ω and the 4Ω resistors are in series with each other, the branch they are on is parallel to the 1Ω resistor. The parallel branches between B & C are in series with the 2Ω resistor. The 5Ω resistor is on a branch that is parallel with the BC parallel group and its series 2Ω buddy. The total resi ...
Voltage Dividers and Current Dividers
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... 7-1: Series Voltage Dividers  VT is divided into IR voltage drops that are proportional to the series resistance values.  Each resistance provides an IR voltage drop equal to its proportional part of the applied voltage: VR = (R/RT) × VT  This formula can be used for any number of series resista ...
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... Input offset current The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op- amp is called as input offset current. The input terminals conduct a small value of dc current to bias the input transistors. Since the input transistors cannot be made identical, there exists a differenc ...
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... in this document, and related hardware, software and systems (collectively “Product”) without notice. • This document and any information herein may not be reproduced without prior written permission from TOSHIBA. Even with TOSHIBA’s written permission, reproduction is permissible only if reproducti ...
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... fire later in each half cycle, allowing current to flow through the control windings for a shorter period of time; hence, less d-c current flows in the control windings. To become more familiar with this operation lets take the case in which the generator line voltage increases. The sequence of even ...
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... comparator reference voltages are fixed at 2/3 Vcc for comparator C1 and Vcc/3 for comparator C2 by means of the voltage divider made up of three series resistors (R). These reference voltages are required to control the timing. The timing can be controlled externally by applying voltage to the cont ...
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... High-capacity, multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) have a property often not well understood by electronic designers: the capacitance of these devices varies with applied DC voltage. This phenomenon is present in all highdielectric constant, or Class II capacitors (B/X5R R/X7R, and F/Y5V characteri ...
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Voltage regulator



A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple ""feed-forward"" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is drawn from the line.
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