A problem for expressivism
... attitudes rather than merely expressing them – if they expressed beliefs that the attitudes were present – then, problems of vagueness aside, they would automatically be true or false. They would be true just when the beliefs they expressed were true, just when the attitudes they reported obtained. ...
... attitudes rather than merely expressing them – if they expressed beliefs that the attitudes were present – then, problems of vagueness aside, they would automatically be true or false. They would be true just when the beliefs they expressed were true, just when the attitudes they reported obtained. ...
Thursday Feb 9, at 1:00
... Thus, if ∃xQ(x) is false, both statements are true, and thus equivalent. As they are equivalent regardless of the value of ∃xQ(x), the two statements are logically equivalent. 7. (10 points) A statement is in prenex normal form (PNF) if and only if all quantifiers occur at the beginning of the state ...
... Thus, if ∃xQ(x) is false, both statements are true, and thus equivalent. As they are equivalent regardless of the value of ∃xQ(x), the two statements are logically equivalent. 7. (10 points) A statement is in prenex normal form (PNF) if and only if all quantifiers occur at the beginning of the state ...
MODELS OF POSSIBILISM AND TRIVIALISM
... that nothing in our logical notions rules out that it could be so. This idea is not entirely new. On one hand, some authors have pointed out that the same strategy followed by dialetheists to make room for true contradictions in logic can be mimicked by trivialists, and trivialism cannot be rejected ...
... that nothing in our logical notions rules out that it could be so. This idea is not entirely new. On one hand, some authors have pointed out that the same strategy followed by dialetheists to make room for true contradictions in logic can be mimicked by trivialists, and trivialism cannot be rejected ...
Reaching transparent truth
... as a ‘thick’ and structured concept, or whether it rather is to be viewed as a ‘thin’ and simple concept. The view we wish to investigate in this paper belongs to the latter family. On that view, the reason why truth should be transparent is related to the function of the truth predicate in natural ...
... as a ‘thick’ and structured concept, or whether it rather is to be viewed as a ‘thin’ and simple concept. The view we wish to investigate in this paper belongs to the latter family. On that view, the reason why truth should be transparent is related to the function of the truth predicate in natural ...
PPT
... variables (letters upper/lower X, Y, Z, … A, B, C ) symbols , , ~, and parentheses ( , ) also we add two more , , • Propositional expressions (propositional forms) are formed using these elements of alphabet as follows: 1. Each variable is propositional expression 2. IF p and q are propositinal ...
... variables (letters upper/lower X, Y, Z, … A, B, C ) symbols , , ~, and parentheses ( , ) also we add two more , , • Propositional expressions (propositional forms) are formed using these elements of alphabet as follows: 1. Each variable is propositional expression 2. IF p and q are propositinal ...
Towart 1 - Personal.psu.edu
... the agnostic philosopher, Kant, defined truth as an assumption that an understanding of something must agree with its object.29 William James concurred that, “Truth, as any dictionary will tell you, is a property of certain of our ideas. It means their ‘agreement’, as with falsity means their disagr ...
... the agnostic philosopher, Kant, defined truth as an assumption that an understanding of something must agree with its object.29 William James concurred that, “Truth, as any dictionary will tell you, is a property of certain of our ideas. It means their ‘agreement’, as with falsity means their disagr ...
Propositional/First
... • In PL we have to create propositional symbols to stand for all or part of each sentence, e.g.: P = “person”; Q = “mortal”; R = “Confucius” • The above 3 sentences are represented as: P Q; R P; R Q • The 3rd sentence is entailed by the first two, but we need an explicit symbol, R, to represen ...
... • In PL we have to create propositional symbols to stand for all or part of each sentence, e.g.: P = “person”; Q = “mortal”; R = “Confucius” • The above 3 sentences are represented as: P Q; R P; R Q • The 3rd sentence is entailed by the first two, but we need an explicit symbol, R, to represen ...
PAUL SNOWDON VIRTUAL ISSUE NO. 1 Strawson`s Truth
... entities of another, abstract, sort, and if so, maybe they can also figure somewhere in a theory of truth. The question here is how far Strawson shuts out the Correspondence theory. Having so far made a very strong case for saying that Austin had selected the wrong interpretation of ‘statement’ and ...
... entities of another, abstract, sort, and if so, maybe they can also figure somewhere in a theory of truth. The question here is how far Strawson shuts out the Correspondence theory. Having so far made a very strong case for saying that Austin had selected the wrong interpretation of ‘statement’ and ...
p q
... How can both p and q be false, and pq be true? •Think of p as a “contract” and q as its “obligation” that is only carried out if the contract is valid. •Example: “If you make more than $25,000, then you must file a tax return.” This says nothing about someone who makes less than $25,000. So the imp ...
... How can both p and q be false, and pq be true? •Think of p as a “contract” and q as its “obligation” that is only carried out if the contract is valid. •Example: “If you make more than $25,000, then you must file a tax return.” This says nothing about someone who makes less than $25,000. So the imp ...
FIRST DEGREE ENTAILMENT, SYMMETRY AND PARADOX
... be freely set however we please. So fdeT is the set of relational fde evaluations for this language in which T is a fixed point that is, for any sentence A, that sentence receives the same evaluation as T pAq. fdeT can also be considered as a theory (or bitheory), if we wish to consider what holds ...
... be freely set however we please. So fdeT is the set of relational fde evaluations for this language in which T is a fixed point that is, for any sentence A, that sentence receives the same evaluation as T pAq. fdeT can also be considered as a theory (or bitheory), if we wish to consider what holds ...
p and q
... How can both p and q be false, and pq be true? •Think of p as a “contract” and q as its “obligation” that is only carried out if the contract is valid. •Example: “If you make more than $25,000, then you must file a tax return.” This says nothing about someone who makes less than $25,000. So the imp ...
... How can both p and q be false, and pq be true? •Think of p as a “contract” and q as its “obligation” that is only carried out if the contract is valid. •Example: “If you make more than $25,000, then you must file a tax return.” This says nothing about someone who makes less than $25,000. So the imp ...
Chapter1_Parts2
... forced to assume otherwise. These atoms are called assumables.! The assumables (ok_cb1, ok_s1, ok_s2, ok_s3, ok_l1, ok_l2) represent the assumption that we assume that the switches, lights, and circuit breakers are ok.! If the system is working correctly (all assumables are true), the observations a ...
... forced to assume otherwise. These atoms are called assumables.! The assumables (ok_cb1, ok_s1, ok_s2, ok_s3, ok_l1, ok_l2) represent the assumption that we assume that the switches, lights, and circuit breakers are ok.! If the system is working correctly (all assumables are true), the observations a ...
10a
... • A valid sentence or tautology is a sentence that’s True under all interpretations, no matter what the world is actually like or what the semantics is. Example: “It's raining or it's not raining” • An inconsistent sentence or contradiction is a sentence that is False under all interpretations. The ...
... • A valid sentence or tautology is a sentence that’s True under all interpretations, no matter what the world is actually like or what the semantics is. Example: “It's raining or it's not raining” • An inconsistent sentence or contradiction is a sentence that is False under all interpretations. The ...
CS243, Logic and Computation Propositional Logic 1 Propositions
... For example, consider a patient for which t(p)=false, t(q)=false above, and consider the following proposition: z: (p or (not q)) The recursive extension of the truth assignment simply states that the corresponding truth value for z is obtained by “plugging in” the truth values for t into the defini ...
... For example, consider a patient for which t(p)=false, t(q)=false above, and consider the following proposition: z: (p or (not q)) The recursive extension of the truth assignment simply states that the corresponding truth value for z is obtained by “plugging in” the truth values for t into the defini ...
In defence of an argument against truthmaker maximalism
... of the Liar Sentence because ascribing truth to S leads to its falsity and ascribing falsity leads to its truth. This would mean contrary to what is claimed by the authors (López de Sa and Zardini, 2006, p. 156) an outright inconsistency of S. And needless to say, nothing can be proved by logica ...
... of the Liar Sentence because ascribing truth to S leads to its falsity and ascribing falsity leads to its truth. This would mean contrary to what is claimed by the authors (López de Sa and Zardini, 2006, p. 156) an outright inconsistency of S. And needless to say, nothing can be proved by logica ...
MATH 311W Wksht 1 • A logical statement is a phrase that is
... both. For example in everyday English, “He will have Coke or Pepsi” usually does not include the possibility of having both, but in mathematics: the following statements are true: The number 7 is positive or prime. (True, it is both). The number 2 is even or prime. (True, it is both). • Truth Tables ...
... both. For example in everyday English, “He will have Coke or Pepsi” usually does not include the possibility of having both, but in mathematics: the following statements are true: The number 7 is positive or prime. (True, it is both). The number 2 is even or prime. (True, it is both). • Truth Tables ...
Logical Consequence by Patricia Blanchette Basic Question (BQ
... Relevance logic implies that first-order propositional logic fails catastrophically to capture logical consequence. Intuitionistic Logic Intuitionistic logic equates the meaning of a statement with its means of proof, and it does not allow the law of the excluded middle: (P v P.) The basic rational ...
... Relevance logic implies that first-order propositional logic fails catastrophically to capture logical consequence. Intuitionistic Logic Intuitionistic logic equates the meaning of a statement with its means of proof, and it does not allow the law of the excluded middle: (P v P.) The basic rational ...
`A` now that you can cheat sheet
... You all better get an ‘A’ now that you can cheat sheet Arguments An argument is valid (or logical) if the conclusion is supported by the premises An argument is deductively valid if the truth of the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion (i.e. if it is impossible for the conclusion to be fal ...
... You all better get an ‘A’ now that you can cheat sheet Arguments An argument is valid (or logical) if the conclusion is supported by the premises An argument is deductively valid if the truth of the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion (i.e. if it is impossible for the conclusion to be fal ...
IS IT EASY TO LEARN THE LOGIC
... presenting problems, not just as exercises in logic formulas, but as field work where the reasoning in natural language can be analyzed, recommending careful reading in the various fields of knowledge. 6. The reason of the classic principles Frequently one encounters questions like, what is the use ...
... presenting problems, not just as exercises in logic formulas, but as field work where the reasoning in natural language can be analyzed, recommending careful reading in the various fields of knowledge. 6. The reason of the classic principles Frequently one encounters questions like, what is the use ...
1 Deductive Reasoning and Logical Connectives
... Example 7 Write negations for each of the following statements: • John is 6 feet tall and he weighs at least 200 pounds. • The bus was late or Tom’s watch was slow. • x ≮ 2 where x is a real number. • Jim is tall and Jim is thin. Note: For the last example, “Jim is tall and Jim is thin” can be writt ...
... Example 7 Write negations for each of the following statements: • John is 6 feet tall and he weighs at least 200 pounds. • The bus was late or Tom’s watch was slow. • x ≮ 2 where x is a real number. • Jim is tall and Jim is thin. Note: For the last example, “Jim is tall and Jim is thin” can be writt ...
Truth
Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or to a standard or ideal. Truth may also often be used in modern contexts to refer to an idea of ""truth to self,"" or authenticity.The commonly understood opposite of truth is falsehood, which, correspondingly, can also take on a logical, factual, or ethical meaning. The concept of truth is discussed and debated in several contexts, including philosophy, art, and religion. Many human activities depend upon the concept, where its nature as a concept is assumed rather than being a subject of discussion; these include most (but not all) of the sciences, law, journalism, and everyday life. Some philosophers view the concept of truth as basic, and unable to be explained in any terms that are more easily understood than the concept of truth itself. Commonly, truth is viewed as the correspondence of language or thought to an independent reality, in what is sometimes called the correspondence theory of truth.Other philosophers take this common meaning to be secondary and derivative. According to Martin Heidegger, the original meaning and essence of ""Truth"" in Ancient Greece was unconcealment, or the revealing or bringing of what was previously hidden into the open, as indicated by the original Greek term for truth, ""Aletheia."" On this view, the conception of truth as correctness is a later derivation from the concept's original essence, a development Heidegger traces to the Latin term ""Veritas.""Pragmatists like C.S. Pierce take Truth to have some manner of essential relation to human practices for inquiring into and discovering Truth, with Pierce himself holding that Truth is what human inquiry would find out on a matter, if our practice of inquiry were taken as far as it could profitably go: ""The opinion which is fated to be ultimately agreed to by all who investigate, is what we mean by the truth...""Various theories and views of truth continue to be debated among scholars, philosophers, and theologians. Language and words are a means by which humans convey information to one another and the method used to determine what is a ""truth"" is termed a criterion of truth. There are differing claims on such questions as what constitutes truth: what things are truthbearers capable of being true or false; how to define and identify truth; the roles that faith-based and empirically based knowledge play; and whether truth is subjective or objective, relative or absolute.Friedrich Nietzsche famously suggested that an ancient, metaphysical belief in the divinity of Truth lies at the heart of and has served as the foundation for the entire subsequent Western intellectual tradition: ""But you will have gathered what I am getting at, namely, that it is still a metaphysical faith on which our faith in science rests--that even we knowers of today, we godless anti-metaphysicians still take our fire too, from the flame lit by the thousand-year old faith, the Christian faith which was also Plato's faith, that God is Truth; that Truth is 'Divine'...""