• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Campus Personal Safety and Security
Campus Personal Safety and Security

... A college or college campus is an important part of the local community that it serves. As in any neighborhood, it is important that all students and faculty and staff members realize that they should take every possible precaution to prevent assault and crime against themselves and others. The admi ...
Resettlement of Short-term Prisoners
Resettlement of Short-term Prisoners

... social needs than many other groups, yet have often been discriminated against by housing and benefits agencies, etc. However, there is no evidence that it had any effect on reoffending or reconviction, nor that temporary assistance to 'get them back on their feet' helps offenders to solve any of th ...
Outcome 3 Safety MTSF Chapter
Outcome 3 Safety MTSF Chapter

... The expected growth of international bandwidth will increase uptake and usage of the internet. It is envisaged that there will be an increase in criminal activities in cyberspace. Cyber security policies and legal frameworks do not adequately address existing challenges; neither does South Africa ha ...
Preliminary Examinations
Preliminary Examinations

... providing safety and security to the community. It should be noted that, even under the current system, prosecutors often allow officers to be on standby with no objection by defense counsel. • Prosecutors must be willing to make plea offers to defendants that are not conditioned on the appearance o ...
executive summary
executive summary

... The prosecutor’s ability to control sentencing and plea bargain outcomes through charging practices threatens the viability of the American adversarial court system. The United States lacks viable oversight mechanisms to hold prosecutors accountable when they engage in racially discriminatory condu ...
Lubanga and its Implications for Victims Seeking Reparations at the
Lubanga and its Implications for Victims Seeking Reparations at the

... A state in transition is extremely fragile and volatile. More often than not, post-conflict societies must deal with dysfunctional institutions, limited resources and traumatised populations in an environment marked by huge failures in the judicial sector and a lack of public confidence in the gover ...
Improving Drug Abuse Services in Criminal Justice Settings
Improving Drug Abuse Services in Criminal Justice Settings

... • Drug Abusing Offenders are Unlikely to Receive Adequate Treatment Services—too few offenders to have an impact on behavior/outcomes • Risk-need-responsivity model is still “under construction”, but more in place in prison-based TCs • System needs strategies to make gains in implementation – Few kn ...
Statement to the National Victims Commemoration Conference
Statement to the National Victims Commemoration Conference

... claims for compensation against those convicted by the Special Court in the national courts under The Criminal Procedure Act, 1965, as set out in Rule 105; and consulting civil society and international actors in Sierra Leone to examine how other forms of reparation should be awarded, such as a judi ...
Concept of Community Service As An Alternative Sentence Under
Concept of Community Service As An Alternative Sentence Under

... punishment provided by law which the offender can escape imprisonment or fine. Community service acts as an alternative to criminal punishment. Generally, community service can be handed down by a Judge or Magistrate to the first time offender or teenage offender etc. Court may require minor offende ...
BEMORE Concept Paper - Fix School Discipline
BEMORE Concept Paper - Fix School Discipline

... past two decades, researchers have developed important data-driven solutions to address these challenges. However, much of this information is scattered across different disciplines and buried in academic journals not accessible to the general public or policymakers. Furthermore, even within the res ...
A Primer on Evidence
A Primer on Evidence

... The Criminogenic Need Principle states that certain needs are directly linked to crime. Extensive research on recidivism among the general criminal population has identified a set of factors that are consistently associated with subsequent criminal behavior. These factors include being young, having ...
Teen Sexual Assault Survivors: Legal Impacts and Considerations
Teen Sexual Assault Survivors: Legal Impacts and Considerations

... Certain service providers are required by state law to report acts of child abuse. Mandated reporting laws vary from state to state, but generally include teachers, mental health counselors, clergy, healthcare providers, and legal professionals. Reporting requirements raise unique concerns for servi ...
preprint - Department of Economics
preprint - Department of Economics

... The severity of penalties imposed for crimes has shown substantial variation over time. Offenses that in eighteenth century Europe were punished by torture and death now carry only prison sentences. Similarly, the penalties imposed for crimes vary significantly between countries. What factors accoun ...
Shannon Rafferty CAS 138T, Section 13 Instructor: Dr. Freymiller
Shannon Rafferty CAS 138T, Section 13 Instructor: Dr. Freymiller

... states that use the death penalty use lethal injection; the days of subjecting a prisoner to hanging or the electric chair are long gone in the US. Inmates are first given a large dose of an anesthetic so they do not feel any pain (Bosner); this proves that the process is made as humane as possible ...
DOJ Memo - Bringing Criminal Charges against
DOJ Memo - Bringing Criminal Charges against

... Comment: In all cases involving corporate wrongdoing, prosecutors should consider the factors discussed herein. First and foremost, prosecutors should be aware of the important public benefits that may flow from indicting a corporation in appropriate cases. For instance, corporations are likely to t ...
The Debt Penalty
The Debt Penalty

... support payments and restitution requirements. If they do not pay their financial obligations, they may be subject to late fees and interest requirements, all of which accumulate into massive debt over time. Even if they want to pay, offenders have limited prospects for meaningful employment and fac ...
Networks SUMMER FALL 02 - the National Center for Victims of Crime
Networks SUMMER FALL 02 - the National Center for Victims of Crime

... that appreciates the positive aspects of ...
Fear of Crime Among Chinese Immigrants - ScholarWorks
Fear of Crime Among Chinese Immigrants - ScholarWorks

... the model (Lee &Ulmer, 2000; Perkins & Taylor, 1996; Yin, 1985). Given the empirical findings, researchers tend to simply assume that the observed associations will hold true even for samples from different socio-cultural backgrounds. Whether such an assumption is viable, however, is fundamentally a ...
FIREARMS OFFENSES — SENTENCE ENHANCEMENTS BASED
FIREARMS OFFENSES — SENTENCE ENHANCEMENTS BASED

... of at least 10 years; or a state drug distribution or manufacturing offense with a maximum of at least 10 years. ...
Pathways of Impact: How Transitional Justice Affects Democratic
Pathways of Impact: How Transitional Justice Affects Democratic

... and a failure to rethink the role of the army in Ugandan society, thereby hampering the consolidation of more democratic security forces. In Brazil, transitional justice measures have also yet to address persistent abuses by security forces, particularly by the regular and the military police. These ...
Introduction to RSAT Promising Practices Guidelines
Introduction to RSAT Promising Practices Guidelines

... Sadeh, N., & McNiel, D. E. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder increases risk of criminal recidivism among justiceinvolved persons with mental disorders. Criminal justice and behavior, 0093854814556880. Spaulding, A. C., Seals, R. M., Page, M. J., Brzozowski, A. K., Rhodes, W., & Hammett, T. M. (2 ...
Accepted version  - Queen Mary University of London
Accepted version - Queen Mary University of London

... outside that experience itself’ (Northrop, 1959, p. 87) which Petrażycki calls a normative fact. Such facts can include any sources of authority that the individual recognises. These give content to psychological experiences of law, fixing the sense of right and duty. Law derived from the individual ...
Current Legal Issues: the use of force in international law
Current Legal Issues: the use of force in international law

... More recently, there seems to have been a change in the position of some states For example, the US: it condemned the Israeli attack on Iraq in 1981….but look at its understanding of ‘self-defence’ in the Bush Administration’s 2002 National Security Strategy: ...
Marijuana for Non-Therapeutic Purposes (Policy Brief)
Marijuana for Non-Therapeutic Purposes (Policy Brief)

... In Canada, marijuana is regulated under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA). The CDSA prohibits and identifies criminal sanctions for the production, possession and trafficking of marijuana as a Schedule II substance. Sanctions range from fines to prison, depending on the nature of the of ...
ESSAY THE FRAMEWORK(S) OF LEGAL CHANGE Toby J. Heytens
ESSAY THE FRAMEWORK(S) OF LEGAL CHANGE Toby J. Heytens

... be—and were being—used to “accomplish virtually the same results as nonretroactivity doctrines.”17 The Supreme Court’s June 2011 decision in Davis v. United States suggests yet another way that courts—while formally disclaiming a nonretroactivity analysis—can still limit the backwards-looking effect ...
< 1 ... 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 ... 64 >

Criminalization

Criminalization or criminalisation, in criminology, is ""the process by which behaviors and individuals are transformed into crime and criminals"". Previously legal acts may be transformed into crimes by legislation or judicial decision. However, there is usually a formal presumption in the rules of statutory interpretation against the retrospective application of laws and only the use of express words by the legislature may rebut this presumption. The power of judges to make new law and retrospectively criminalise behaviour is also discouraged. In a less overt way, where laws have not been strictly enforced, the acts prohibited by those laws may also undergo de facto criminalisation through more effective or committed legal enforcement.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report