Magnetic field turbulence, electron heating, magnetic holes, proton
... the components along the maximum, intermediate, and minimum variance directions, respectively. Dashed vertical lines include intervals where the minimum variances were calculated. The minimum variance method has been described by Sonnerup and Cahill (1967) and first applied to electromagnetic wave a ...
... the components along the maximum, intermediate, and minimum variance directions, respectively. Dashed vertical lines include intervals where the minimum variances were calculated. The minimum variance method has been described by Sonnerup and Cahill (1967) and first applied to electromagnetic wave a ...
Differential Cross Section Measurements in Ion
... determine the molecular orientation. However, the determination of the orientation gets complicated due to the fact that the gas jet is not an ideal point source but rather has an extended spread along the beam axis. In this case, the molecular fragmentation can happen anywhere along the beam seen b ...
... determine the molecular orientation. However, the determination of the orientation gets complicated due to the fact that the gas jet is not an ideal point source but rather has an extended spread along the beam axis. In this case, the molecular fragmentation can happen anywhere along the beam seen b ...
physics - Board of Studies
... Two adjacent wavefronts in a train of waves are shown at position A in the diagram below. A short time later, the waves have moved towards the beach to the position ...
... Two adjacent wavefronts in a train of waves are shown at position A in the diagram below. A short time later, the waves have moved towards the beach to the position ...
Atmospheric Radiation Basics
... EM waves always travel in a vacuum at an absolutely constant speed: the speed of light c=3x10^8 m/s EM waves require no material medium in which to propagate (pond ripples need a pond to propagate, sound needs air to propagate). Interacting with matters (such as the atmosphere and its various reside ...
... EM waves always travel in a vacuum at an absolutely constant speed: the speed of light c=3x10^8 m/s EM waves require no material medium in which to propagate (pond ripples need a pond to propagate, sound needs air to propagate). Interacting with matters (such as the atmosphere and its various reside ...
ENS’05
... Due to the magnetooptical effects, MPC structures can be used as tunable optical nano-devices. This can be accomplished by two approaches, namely, (i) the presence of the Faraday effect inside MPCs allows for the substantial polarization rotation, which depends on whether s- or p-polarised wave is i ...
... Due to the magnetooptical effects, MPC structures can be used as tunable optical nano-devices. This can be accomplished by two approaches, namely, (i) the presence of the Faraday effect inside MPCs allows for the substantial polarization rotation, which depends on whether s- or p-polarised wave is i ...
Module 4 : Uniform Plane Wave Lecture 26 : Polarization of a
... The wave polarization is defined by the time behaviour of the electric field of a TEM wave at a given point in space. In other words, the state of polarization of a wave is described by the geometrical shape which the tip of the electric field vector draws as a function of time at a given point in s ...
... The wave polarization is defined by the time behaviour of the electric field of a TEM wave at a given point in space. In other words, the state of polarization of a wave is described by the geometrical shape which the tip of the electric field vector draws as a function of time at a given point in s ...
Chapter 9: Electromagnetic Waves
... against all of Maxwell’s equations. We know that our trial solution satisfies the wave equation in our source-free region because our solution is the superposition of waves that do; it therefore also satisfies Faraday’s and Ampere’s laws in a source-free region, as well as Gauss’s laws. At the perfe ...
... against all of Maxwell’s equations. We know that our trial solution satisfies the wave equation in our source-free region because our solution is the superposition of waves that do; it therefore also satisfies Faraday’s and Ampere’s laws in a source-free region, as well as Gauss’s laws. At the perfe ...
ComplexLightBookChapterEG
... beam, similar to the concept used in imaging. This treatment is valid as long as the beam is paraxial, and justifies the approximations made. This analysis is for divergence angles below about 0.5 rad, or about 30 degrees. More intuitively, this condition means that the beam width has to be much lar ...
... beam, similar to the concept used in imaging. This treatment is valid as long as the beam is paraxial, and justifies the approximations made. This analysis is for divergence angles below about 0.5 rad, or about 30 degrees. More intuitively, this condition means that the beam width has to be much lar ...
Lab manual (November 7, 2016)
... if a piece of equipment is not working even after you have followed all instructions, be careful what you fiddle with! Some fiddling is good, but if you are planning anything major (like taking a piece of equipment apart), it is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT to ask the instructor first. Also it is good lab pr ...
... if a piece of equipment is not working even after you have followed all instructions, be careful what you fiddle with! Some fiddling is good, but if you are planning anything major (like taking a piece of equipment apart), it is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT to ask the instructor first. Also it is good lab pr ...
(a) left (b) right (c) up (d) down (e) the force is zero Via
... the two slits. Note that y in the diagram represents a distance along the screen as measured from the center of the central bright fringe (for which therefore y = 0). The variables x1 and x2 label the distances from the respective slits to points on the screen. The fifth bright fringe to one side of ...
... the two slits. Note that y in the diagram represents a distance along the screen as measured from the center of the central bright fringe (for which therefore y = 0). The variables x1 and x2 label the distances from the respective slits to points on the screen. The fifth bright fringe to one side of ...
11: Waves and Imaging
... k1 = [(kx )1 , (ky )1 , (kz )1 ] 6= k2 = [(kx )2 , (ky )2 , (kz )2 ] Since the temporal frequencies are equal, so must be the wavelengths: λ1 = λ2 = λ → |k1 | = |k2 | ≡ |k| . The condition of equal ω ensures that the temporal average and modulation frequen- ...
... k1 = [(kx )1 , (ky )1 , (kz )1 ] 6= k2 = [(kx )2 , (ky )2 , (kz )2 ] Since the temporal frequencies are equal, so must be the wavelengths: λ1 = λ2 = λ → |k1 | = |k2 | ≡ |k| . The condition of equal ω ensures that the temporal average and modulation frequen- ...
Waves - University of Colorado High Energy Physics
... fixing the location and the velocity of the particle at t = 0.) In contrast, the problems we want to solve have structure everywhere in space. Think of the temperature in this room, as a function of time. It is characterized by one number (the temperature, of course), but that number must be specifi ...
... fixing the location and the velocity of the particle at t = 0.) In contrast, the problems we want to solve have structure everywhere in space. Think of the temperature in this room, as a function of time. It is characterized by one number (the temperature, of course), but that number must be specifi ...
CfE Advanced Higher Physics Unit 2: Quanta and Waves
... Towards the end of the 19th century, physical phenomena were described in terms of "classical" theory, as either particles or waves. However, some new discoveries (such as the photoelectric effect) could not be explained using classical theory. As we have seen, such phenomena required a theory that ...
... Towards the end of the 19th century, physical phenomena were described in terms of "classical" theory, as either particles or waves. However, some new discoveries (such as the photoelectric effect) could not be explained using classical theory. As we have seen, such phenomena required a theory that ...
CfE Advanced Higher Physics Unit 2: Quanta and
... Towards the end of the 19th century, physical phenomena were described in terms of "classical" theory, as either particles or waves. However, some new discoveries (such as the photoelectric effect) could not be explained using classical theory. As we have seen, such phenomena required a theory that ...
... Towards the end of the 19th century, physical phenomena were described in terms of "classical" theory, as either particles or waves. However, some new discoveries (such as the photoelectric effect) could not be explained using classical theory. As we have seen, such phenomena required a theory that ...
M.V. Nezlin, Negative-energy waves and the anomalous Doppler
... regards the energy of the electric field of the oscillations, we see that it, unlike the total energy W of the oscillations, is naturally positive and increases with increasing amplitude of the wave: W£ = W& = Ε ο/16π. The present derivation of the expression for W sheds light on still another funda ...
... regards the energy of the electric field of the oscillations, we see that it, unlike the total energy W of the oscillations, is naturally positive and increases with increasing amplitude of the wave: W£ = W& = Ε ο/16π. The present derivation of the expression for W sheds light on still another funda ...
Plane Waves and Wave Propagation
... be made simpler by writing the incident wave’s electric field as a linear combination of two linearly polarized waves, which is always possible. One solves each of these cases separately. The appropriate sum of the two solutions is then the solution of the original problem. Once again, the linearity ...
... be made simpler by writing the incident wave’s electric field as a linear combination of two linearly polarized waves, which is always possible. One solves each of these cases separately. The appropriate sum of the two solutions is then the solution of the original problem. Once again, the linearity ...
04 - Electromagnetic Waves (Griffiths.Ch9).pptx
... A) greater than v B) less than v C) equal to v D) indeterminate! By the way: This wave travels rightward (do you see why?) This wave ha ...
... A) greater than v B) less than v C) equal to v D) indeterminate! By the way: This wave travels rightward (do you see why?) This wave ha ...
1 Introduction
... given by I u x u x u y u y u z u z , G is the free space scalar Green's function, given by G = 4 | r – r | i with r' and r distances for the source and observation points respectively. E is the incident electric field, and k 2/0 is the free space wave number. Equation (3a) can be solved ...
... given by I u x u x u y u y u z u z , G is the free space scalar Green's function, given by G = 4 | r – r | i with r' and r distances for the source and observation points respectively. E is the incident electric field, and k 2/0 is the free space wave number. Equation (3a) can be solved ...
Ion Temperature and Flow Velocity
... fully formed, at which point the linewidth drops to the minimum resolvable width. Our current thinking is that there is significant velocity shear due to the opposing reconnect ion jets that lead to the presence of multiple emission peaks due to the opposite Doppler shifts of the jets' emission line ...
... fully formed, at which point the linewidth drops to the minimum resolvable width. Our current thinking is that there is significant velocity shear due to the opposing reconnect ion jets that lead to the presence of multiple emission peaks due to the opposite Doppler shifts of the jets' emission line ...
Diffraction
Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described as the interference of waves according to the Huygens–Fresnel principle. These characteristic behaviors are exhibited when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit that is comparable in size to its wavelength. Similar effects occur when a light wave travels through a medium with a varying refractive index, or when a sound wave travels through a medium with varying acoustic impedance. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as visible light, X-rays and radio waves.Since physical objects have wave-like properties (at the atomic level), diffraction also occurs with matter and can be studied according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi coined the word ""diffraction"" and was the first to record accurate observations of the phenomenon in 1660.While diffraction occurs whenever propagating waves encounter such changes, its effects are generally most pronounced for waves whose wavelength is roughly comparable to the dimensions of the diffracting object or slit. If the obstructing object provides multiple, closely spaced openings, a complex pattern of varying intensity can result. This is due to the addition, or interference, of different parts of a wave that travels to the observer by different paths, where different path lengths result in different phases (see diffraction grating and wave superposition). The formalism of diffraction can also describe the way in which waves of finite extent propagate in free space. For example, the expanding profile of a laser beam, the beam shape of a radar antenna and the field of view of an ultrasonic transducer can all be analyzed using diffraction equations.