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Manned Submersibles, the Efficient Tools for Exploring Deep
Manned Submersibles, the Efficient Tools for Exploring Deep

... through the Panama Canal for the first time. Geology work in the Galapagos Rift was completed during February and March, 1977 [18]. The major discovery of an abundance of exotic animal life on and in the immediate proximity of warm water vents prompted theories about the generation of life. Since no ...
Earthquake Waves
Earthquake Waves

... 1. Explain the Elastic Rebound Theory Sea Floor Spreading Ocean ...
Program 15 - apel slice
Program 15 - apel slice

... Two lines anchor Earth's grid. The first is the equator, the line of latitude that goes around the world halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole. The equator is 0° latitude, and the other parallels are labeled in degrees north and south of the equator. The second is the prime meridian, at ...
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS): Years 16-20
Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS): Years 16-20

... NELSON, C., and C.A. CARLSON. 2005. A nonradioactive assay of bacterial productivity optimized for oligotrophic pelagic environments. Limnology and Oceanography:Methods ...
GEOG370_Ch3p2
GEOG370_Ch3p2

... Planar projections, also called azimuthal projections, project map data onto a flat surface. When the plane touches the earth at either the north or south poles latitude lines appear as concentric circles and longitude lines radiate from the pole at their true angle like the spokes on a wheel. This ...
Plate Tectonic Reconstructions of the Indonesian Region
Plate Tectonic Reconstructions of the Indonesian Region

... south Malaya were much closer to Indochina and elimination of the NNG plate caused a major change Sundaland was oriented NW-SE. The southern in the length of the subducted slab in the west Pacific, Sundaland margin had a NW-SE orientation along resulting in a change in Pacific plate motion. This mos ...
National Strategy
National Strategy

... subsequent reduction in the demand for resources. This trend began to reverse itself after the second decade of the twenty-first century, where we have seen a recently increase in demand for natural resources by a broad set of States, whose population is large or very large and which has reactivated ...
Wild Sea buckthorn (Hipphophae rhamnoides L
Wild Sea buckthorn (Hipphophae rhamnoides L

... In the modern time Sea-buckthorn (Hipphophae rhamnoides L.) attract draw of multi plicate (numerous) researchers and production and pharmacology this world to multi-useful plants, as medicinal, as fruits, as fodder crops, and soil fixing and as sand binding plants. This plant growing in the widely d ...
The Mediterranean region—a geological primer
The Mediterranean region—a geological primer

... by shallow dipping detachment faults. It has started at least in the early Miocene, and continues today in areas like the Corinth-Patras rift and the southern Rhodope Massif in western Turkey. Miocene extension was accompanied by exhumation of metamorphic rocks and by the intrusion of granitoid and ...
3. geological setting of the celebes and sulu
3. geological setting of the celebes and sulu

... arc activity. Numerous models have been proposed for the opening of small ocean basins in a position marginal to a continent or a piece of continent by convergent boundaries. In the west Pacific region (Fig. 1), a widely accepted model is that of extension in the back-arc area (Chase, 1978; Molnar a ...
Naur Report 1 - The University of Jordan
Naur Report 1 - The University of Jordan

... are relatively uniform, whereas the winter months bring a succession of marked low pressure areas and accompanying cold fronts. These cyclonic disturbances generally move eastward from over the Mediterranean Sea several times a month and result in sporadic precipitation. Most of the East Bank receiv ...
mantleplumes template.indd
mantleplumes template.indd

... Azores, Jan Mayen, Yermak, and possibly Tristan da Cunha. All these “hot spots” have remained at or near the constructive boundary since their inception, possibly with the exception of Tristan da Cunha, which has a gap in the “hot spot track” on the west side of the S Atlantic, arguably marking a ju ...
Ocean acidification in the Arabian Sea and the Red - BORA
Ocean acidification in the Arabian Sea and the Red - BORA

... year 1765, 1995, 2040, and 2100, based on the modeling result of Orr et al. (2005) and a Business-As-Usual CO2 emissions scenario, Figure extract from Kleypas et al. (2006). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ...
Five Themes of Geography
Five Themes of Geography

... some places and stretch others. To make up for this distortion, mapmakers use different map projections. No one projection can accurately show the correct area, shape, distance, and direction for all of Earth’s surface. Mapmakers use the projection that has the least distortion for the information t ...
2A-Map_Projections_and_Scales.pps
2A-Map_Projections_and_Scales.pps

... The Flash drive contains a directory of monochrome (2-bit), 1:24,000 topographic images of the northern half of New Jersey (Quadrangles 1 – 92) in KMZ file (Google Earth) format. The images stem from NJ Geological Survey Digital Geodata Series DGS 99-1. Eight (8) out of 13 orginal index colors used ...
investigation of the Red Sea circulation
investigation of the Red Sea circulation

... formation of the very saline outflowing water mass inside the basin, the buoyancy loss (mostly due to the large evaporation rate) has been thought by several investigators to be the basic controlling mechanism of the flow [Maury, 1855; Luksch, 1901; Neumann and McGill, 1962; Phillips, 1966; Tragou a ...
INTRODUCTION TO THE OCEANS
INTRODUCTION TO THE OCEANS

... (radar, which produces images by bouncing radio waves rather than sound waves off distant objects, cannot be used for bathymetry because water absorbs radio waves). Many sonar techniques have been developed for bathymetry. When high-resolution images are desired, an underwater unit may be towed behi ...
intro_ppt - SimpsonR
intro_ppt - SimpsonR

... to use to carry, flat maps were invented. – However, the earth is round and a map is flat. – Mapmakers had to find ways to make maps accurate. ...
Ocean Drilling and Exploring a Heterogeneous Ocean Crust
Ocean Drilling and Exploring a Heterogeneous Ocean Crust

... Crust
formed
at
the
mid‐ocean
ridges
extends
across
some
three
fifths
of
the
 planet
 and
 comprises
 approximately
 30%
 of
 the
 Earth’s
 crust.
 
 Ocean
 ridges
 constitute
 the
 major
 locus
 for
 the
 exchange
 of
 heat,
 mass
 and
 volatiles
 from
 the
 Earth’s
 interior
 to
 the
 crust,
 ocea ...
THE ARAL SEA CRISIS: DESICCATION AND PERSPECTIVES ON
THE ARAL SEA CRISIS: DESICCATION AND PERSPECTIVES ON

... deltas, seashores, and river edges exert an influence on and give rise to a microclimate which is a ...
Basic Tools and Methods of Human Geographers
Basic Tools and Methods of Human Geographers

... Shows true area Less distortion Harder to navigate with ...
Unit 1 and 2 Study Guide Directions: Answer each question
Unit 1 and 2 Study Guide Directions: Answer each question

... An area that shares similar characters is called ...
Unit 1 PPT
Unit 1 PPT

... emitted from power stations are carried by winds and when precipitation occurs it pollutes lakes and rivers (pollution from Britain and Western Europe has damaged Scandinavia and Eastern European countries: also, pollution from the Midwestern states has damaged the Great Lakes and Eastern Canada ...
Chapter 2
Chapter 2

... location—and thus allows faster response times. [p. 38] Figure 2.17 The moon has been mapped using satellite observations of the terrain on all sides of our lunar neighbor. [p. 39] Figure 2.18 We use different map projections for many reasons; sometimes a certain projection fits the shape and latitu ...
Solutions for all Social Sciences : Grade 8 Learner`s Book
Solutions for all Social Sciences : Grade 8 Learner`s Book

... When you give the co-ordinates of a place, you state the latitude position first and the longitude position second. The following steps will help you locate places using an atlas. The city of Durban is used as an example. 1. Find the name of the place you want to locate in the alphabetical index. Du ...
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History of navigation



The history of navigation is the history of seamanship, the art of directing vessels upon the open sea through the establishment of its position and course by means of traditional practice, geometry, astronomy, or special instruments. A few peoples have excelled as seafarers, prominent among them the Austronesians, their descendants the Malays, Micronesians, and Polynesians, the Harappans, the Phoenicians, the ancient Greeks, the Romans, the Arabs, the ancient Tamils, the Norse, the ancient Bengalis, the Chinese, the Venetians, the Genoese, the Hanseatic Germans, the Portuguese, the Spanish, the English, the French, the Dutch and the Danes.
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