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Chapter 18 – DC Circuits
Chapter 18 – DC Circuits

... current or alternating voltage) from the line voltage source to a dc (direct current) source. Voltage sources are not perfect, and the voltage will vary with the amount of current that is drawn from the source. A way of modeling this is to think of a voltage source as an ideal voltage source (E) in ...
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... Switches and Variable Resistors • Switches create a break in the circuit that interrupts current flow, therefore controlling the flow of current in the circuit • A variable resistor is another type of control • These resistors (also known a rheostats) allow you to adjust the amount of current flowi ...
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Current mirror

A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being 'copied' can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal inverting current amplifier that reverses the current direction as well or it is a current-controlled current source (CCCS). The current mirror is used to provide bias currents and active loads to circuits. It can also be used to model a more realistic current source (since ideal current sources don't exist).The circuit topology covered here is one that appears in many monolithic ICs. It is a Widlar mirror without an emitter degeneration resistor in the follower (output) transistor. This topology can only be done in an IC as the matching has to be extremely close and cannot be achieved with discretes.Another topology is the Wilson mirror. The Wilson mirror solves the Early effect voltage problem in his design.
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