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Alstom: 01B
Alstom: 01B

OpenStax_Physics_CH21_ImageSlideshow
OpenStax_Physics_CH21_ImageSlideshow

... of an old print. Single cells, such as AA or C cells, are commonly called batteries, although this is technically incorrect. ...
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... use the accurate logarithmic relationship between a bipolar transistor’s base emitter voltage and collector current, with appropriate scaling by precision currents to compensate for the inherent temperature dependence. Input and reference current pins sink current ranging from 3 nA to 3 mA (limited ...
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... • Type of material: Some material are good conductors of  electrons,  other are poor (If the hallway was made of crazy carpet or lava it would be hard to  travel) ...
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... (g) The bulb that is dissipating the most power glows most brightly. For the series connection the currents are the same and by P  I 2 R the bulb with the larger R has the larger P; the 800  bulb glows more brightly. For the parallel combination the voltages are the same and by P  V 2 / R the bul ...
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... optimize capacitive drive capability: 1. Output Swing: Unloaded, the 42µA pull-down will bring the output within 300 mV of V− over the military temperature range. If more than 42µA is required, a resistor from output to V− will help. Swing across any load may be improved slightly if the load can be ...
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... impedance can be calculated from the formula Rdd = 2*(Vsupply)^2/Pout (see Note 1, also see sidebar for derivation). In this case we calculate Rdd to be [2*(13.8)^2]/50 or 7.6 ohms. The voltage swing on the mosfet drains will be about twice the supply voltage, or about 28V. (The rated 55 V maximum d ...
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Current mirror

A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being 'copied' can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal inverting current amplifier that reverses the current direction as well or it is a current-controlled current source (CCCS). The current mirror is used to provide bias currents and active loads to circuits. It can also be used to model a more realistic current source (since ideal current sources don't exist).The circuit topology covered here is one that appears in many monolithic ICs. It is a Widlar mirror without an emitter degeneration resistor in the follower (output) transistor. This topology can only be done in an IC as the matching has to be extremely close and cannot be achieved with discretes.Another topology is the Wilson mirror. The Wilson mirror solves the Early effect voltage problem in his design.
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