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the Note
the Note

... resistors is given, the parallel connection has to be worked out first and added to the series connection to obtain the total resistance of the circuit. The internal resistance of a source of energy is always in series with the rest of the circuit. Energy sources such as cells/batteries, would alway ...
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... current required into the VCC pin depends on the voltage applied to VCC and the switching frequency. See the graph “ICC vs. Externally Applied VCC.” Internally a diode connects VCC to VIN requiring that the auxiliary voltage be less than VIN. The turn-on sequence is shown in Figure 31. During the in ...
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... Specify the advantages of dual ramp A/D converter. What is the principle of operation of R-2R ladder network? What is the voltage quantization level What are the main drawbacks of counter A/D converter? How many comparators does the counter A/D converter contain? What is the output signal of the di ...
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Current mirror

A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being 'copied' can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal inverting current amplifier that reverses the current direction as well or it is a current-controlled current source (CCCS). The current mirror is used to provide bias currents and active loads to circuits. It can also be used to model a more realistic current source (since ideal current sources don't exist).The circuit topology covered here is one that appears in many monolithic ICs. It is a Widlar mirror without an emitter degeneration resistor in the follower (output) transistor. This topology can only be done in an IC as the matching has to be extremely close and cannot be achieved with discretes.Another topology is the Wilson mirror. The Wilson mirror solves the Early effect voltage problem in his design.
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