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4.5 Rectifier Circuits
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... valid, by solving the inequality vDi  f v I   0 for vI. For the example used here, we would find that the IDEAL diode is reverse biased WHEN v I  5.0 V . For junction diode circuits with multiple diodes, we may have to repeat this entire process multiple times, until all possible bias condition ...
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... 18. The charge on each of two objects is doubled and they are moved twice as far apart. The force between them is ____. a. increased by a factor of 4 c. increased by a factor of 1/2 b. increased by a factor of 2 ...
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Current mirror

A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being 'copied' can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal inverting current amplifier that reverses the current direction as well or it is a current-controlled current source (CCCS). The current mirror is used to provide bias currents and active loads to circuits. It can also be used to model a more realistic current source (since ideal current sources don't exist).The circuit topology covered here is one that appears in many monolithic ICs. It is a Widlar mirror without an emitter degeneration resistor in the follower (output) transistor. This topology can only be done in an IC as the matching has to be extremely close and cannot be achieved with discretes.Another topology is the Wilson mirror. The Wilson mirror solves the Early effect voltage problem in his design.
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