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IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)

... Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) Motors are one of the motor types rapidly gaining popularity in industries, traction, and electrical vehicles. BLDC Motor has a rotor with permanent magnet and stator with windings. As the name implies, BLDC Motors do not use brushes for commutation; instead, they are ...
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... 1. The sum of currents entering any junction must equal the sum of the currents leaving that junction (current or junction rule) . 2. The sum of the potential differences across all the elements around any closed-circuit loop must be zero (voltage or loop rule). ...
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... Given the geometry and thermal properties of a thermal sensor, calculate its time constant. Calculate the response of a first-order system to a given forcing function. Give the form of a generic second-order system. Sketch the step response of a second-order system for the cases of underdamping, cri ...
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... absorbs the incident light, are what allow it to change from opaque to transparent. It's these ions that allow it to absorb light. By shutting off the voltage, the ions are driven out of the electrochromic layers and into the ion storage layer. When the ions leave the electrochromic layer, the windo ...
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Opto-isolator



In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator, is a component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
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