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Panama_en.pdf
Panama_en.pdf

... These weaker results are due to the fact that total central government expenditures increased by 15.9% in real terms, while revenues expanded to a lesser degree (10.2%). The increase in public spending may be attributed to operational costs and transfers, in particular liquefied gas and basic food b ...


... dramatic falls were seen in cotton fibres (-77%) and cereals (-20%), but the country’s core export sectors, such as soybeans (-8%) and electricity (-2.6%), also declined. The latter two sectors each account for around 23% of total exports. The country’s export structure shifted towards goods with gr ...
Solutions - UC Davis economics
Solutions - UC Davis economics

... against all economic intuition. I should have paid more attention here because the investment function depends positively on interest rates. This is what the data suggest but there are good empirical reasons why one may obtain this odd result (you should take econometrics to find out what those are! ...
Presentation - Magdalene Apenteng
Presentation - Magdalene Apenteng

... Sustainability – debt and development • Meeting the benchmarks - burden of state owned enterprises – escrow accounts • Deregulation of pricing and subsidies • Establishment of the Ghana Infrastructure Investment Fund – commercially viable projects • Capacity building activities ...
Intertemporal Approach to the Current Account
Intertemporal Approach to the Current Account

... the future. High future taxes will reduce the present value of lifetime disposable income. Consumers should increase savings today. Examples: ...
Econ152 Introduction to Macroeconomics Instructor: Leo
Econ152 Introduction to Macroeconomics Instructor: Leo

... C) will result in a reduction in the standard of living D) are negative if there is a subsistence level of real income but positive otherwise. E) will never occur. 12) The base year is 2007. A country only produces MP3 players. The price of an MP3 player in 2007 was $100. The price of an MP3 player ...
Document
Document

... Source: Statistics South Africa, Quarterly Labour Force Survey , and SARB staff calculations ...
Document
Document

... exchange rates to demonstrate the effect of this shock on the equilibrium exchange rate and the output level. Will this increase, decrease or have no effect on consumption and net exports. Explain. c. A wave of pessimism hits Hong Kong reducing the level of investment expenditure. Use the ISX-LMX mo ...
Development
Development

... economy that governments do not tax or keep track of. ...
The Lost Decade and the Coming Decade Takatoshi Ito
The Lost Decade and the Coming Decade Takatoshi Ito

... • Bubble burst. Stock prices and Land prices in 2003 was only 1/6 to 1/5 of the peak (1989). • Policy Mistakes – Monetary policy (not relaxed enough, 1991-1997; major mistake in tightening in 2000) – Fiscal policy, too tight, 1997 – Financial supervision policy. Did not resolve nonperfoming loans (N ...
Review Questions for Midterm #1
Review Questions for Midterm #1

... equilibrium output on an IS-LM graph showing both changes. 8) Using an IS-LM graph show the “crowding out” effect of an increase in government spending. Would this be an argument for or against the current stimulus proposals? 9) Which of the following is a shift and which is a movement along the cur ...
WHAT IS PLAN
WHAT IS PLAN

...  To achieve stability and progress towards SELF –RELIANCE.  To achieve an overall rate of growth 5.7 percent annually.  To raise exports at the rate of 7 percent annually. ...
Chile_en.pdf
Chile_en.pdf

... for family or maternity benefits. The beneficiaries of the Chile Solidario programme received a bonus of 40,000 pesos per family. By the end of the first quarter of 2009, over 1,470,000 people had received this bonus. A second bonus of similar characteristics will be distributed in the second half o ...
2017 Market Outlook: 15 Experts On What To Watch
2017 Market Outlook: 15 Experts On What To Watch

... "The prospects for corporate tax reform and infrastructure spending have brightened equity market expectations following the US election. For the first time in quite a while, Washington could be a source of positive earnings catalysts in the months ahead. Both large-cap and smaller cap stocks may be ...
The Federal Government
The Federal Government

... • Classical economics (monetarists)- says the govt should rarely if ever interfere in the economy; it works least effectively at the extremes of the business cycle • Keynesian economics- the govt should intervene in the economy b/c instability is inherent; fiscal takes longer to implement and take e ...
Regulation
Regulation

... – Relative to GDP value is one-quarter of the drop in stock market at the end of the IT boom in 2000-2001 – And these securities are not worthless – Let noninsured lenders to banks bear some losses ...
Jamie Arimany
Jamie Arimany

... A rate applicable to a financial transaction that will take place in the future. Forward rates are based on the spot rate, adjusted for the cost of carry and refer to the rate that will be used to deliver a currency, bond or commodity at some future time. It may also refer to the rate fixed for a fu ...
Justification for the decision on the buffer rate
Justification for the decision on the buffer rate

- Bogazici University, Department of Economics
- Bogazici University, Department of Economics

... Q4- Consider a Cobb-Douglas production function with three inputs. K is capital (the number of machines), L is labor (the number of workers), and H is human capital (the number of college degrees among the workers). The production function is Y=K1/3L1/3H1/3 a. Derive an expression for the marginal p ...
Negative Rates: Not Needed, Not Helpful
Negative Rates: Not Needed, Not Helpful

... economic activity relative to what it might have been. The “losers” are retirees, a large and growing percentage of the population in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Retirees are hurt by low or negative rates as they typically carry lower-risk portfolios that have higher allocations in fixed i ...
Policy Uncertainties in Indonesia: Trend and Policy Responses
Policy Uncertainties in Indonesia: Trend and Policy Responses

... • Indonesia’s economy has steadily improved since the crisis time. • Per capita income has been backed to pre crisis level since 2004 and growth rate now accelerating to a 6 % p.a • More balance and sustainable sources of growth indicated by picking up on investment and export. • Macroeconomic risks ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Decrease in domestic interest rates Some increase in real economic activity due to lower interest rate (consumption, production, imports) ...
Group LTD Pricing Issues
Group LTD Pricing Issues

... STD reduces LTD claim costs • Brings into question the assumed savings of ...
key - University of Notre Dame
key - University of Notre Dame

... a. Produce a good at the lowest total cost b. Produce a good with the fewest inputs c. Produce a good at the lowest opportunity cost d. Produce higher quality goods 33) My brother and I own our own houses. We decide to switch, so that I live in his house and he lives in my house. We pay each other t ...
– 16 No: 2013 Release Date: 16 April 2013
– 16 No: 2013 Release Date: 16 April 2013

... Recent data suggest that domestic and external demand are evolving in line with expectations. Domestic demand follows a healthy recovery while exports slow down due to weak global economic activity. The current account deficit has increased somewhat following the revival in domestic demand. However, ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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