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... for AC and 36 kV with DC for the 13.8 kV example. However, the EPRI survey found that, at least in North America, the DC hipot maintenance test voltage is normally well less than this maximum, being about twice rated voltage, i.e. 28 kV DC for a 13.8 kV winding.) One reason for not hipot testing is ...
TIP47/48/49/50 NPN Silicon Transistor
TIP47/48/49/50 NPN Silicon Transistor

ADS831 数据资料 dataSheet 下载
ADS831 数据资料 dataSheet 下载

... output of the op amp and the input of the ADS831 will be beneficial in almost all interface configurations. This will de-couple the op amp’s output from the capacitive load and avoid gain peaking, which can result in increased noise. For best spurious and distortion performance, the resistor value s ...


Microcracking in Anodic Oxides on Si
Microcracking in Anodic Oxides on Si

AN3001
AN3001

... negative supplies, thus increasing the output signal amplitude. This internal negative supply switches at a higher frequency than traditional architectures, derived from the master clock MCLK. This structure uses an original design that allows suppressing the flying or floating capacitors. Therefore ...
Operation of a PN Junction
Operation of a PN Junction

... Equation (1) describes a nonlinear relation between the current Id and the voltage Vd of the diode, and causes difficulty in analysis of electronic circuits. For example, consider the simplest circuit we can construct as shown on the right. Assuming VDD = 1V and R = 500 Ω, we are asked to find ID, a ...
1 Basic Electronics in Clinical Neurophysiology
1 Basic Electronics in Clinical Neurophysiology

UJT
UJT

... A Unijunction transistor is a three terminal semiconductor switching device.this device has a unique characteristics that when it is triggered , the emitter current increases regeneratively until is limited by emitter power supply the unijunction transistor can be employed in a variety of applicatio ...
Extending battery life in smart locks
Extending battery life in smart locks

... power dissipation in a motor driver, but the biggest ...
MAX15038 4A, 2MHz Step-Down Regulator General Description Features
MAX15038 4A, 2MHz Step-Down Regulator General Description Features

... 0.6V to 90% of VIN. The IC operates from 2.9V to 5.5V, making it ideal for on-board point-of-load and postregulation applications. Total output error is less than ±1% over load, line, and temperature ranges. The MAX15038 features fixed-frequency PWM mode operation with a switching frequency range of ...
Question 1 (a) Gas ionization processes a. Ionization by simple
Question 1 (a) Gas ionization processes a. Ionization by simple

... behaviour, let us consider that charging of capacitors actually takes place stage by stage rather than somewhat simultaneously. This assumption will not invalidate the result but will make analysis easier to follow. Consider the first part of the circuit containing the diode D1, the capacitor C1, an ...
Reference Guide - Texas Instruments
Reference Guide - Texas Instruments

capacitor can provide the current to 50 I/O circuits over a
capacitor can provide the current to 50 I/O circuits over a

... even lower supply voltage. The pressing need for optimizing device speed while minimizing current consumption leaves little room to combine supply rails with similar but not exactly the same nominal voltage. The solution is therefore to place several DC–DC converters on the board to create the diffe ...
DATA SHEET
DATA SHEET

... on one printed-circuit board. However, wave soldering is not always suitable for surface mounted ICs, or for printed-circuits with high population densities. In these situations reflow soldering is often used. ...
Photoelectric Effect - University of Colorado Boulder
Photoelectric Effect - University of Colorado Boulder

... of  the  capacitor.  Current  will  flow  thus  charging  up  the  capacitor  until  the  charge  imbalance   is  great  enough  that  the  resulting  potential  difference  across  the  capacitor  prevents  the   buildup  of  additional ...
0508 - cired
0508 - cired

... comparing the operation of the conventionally controlled network (operated without coordinated voltage control) with the CVCU-controlled network, according to two different criteria: - Ability to keep all grid voltages between the given voltage limits. - Reduction of the voltage range which can be u ...
Part 12: AC Power Factor And Apparent Power
Part 12: AC Power Factor And Apparent Power

... (although the same current can still be delivered, figure 12.5), therefore the transformer does not actually deliver 30kW of active power but 30kVA of apparent power. Therefore, a rating 30kVA will hold true for loads with any power factor whereas, a rating of 30kW really means that a maximum of 30k ...
Capacitance  Adjustment,  which  combines  the ... different  capacitances,  i.e.  different  sensitivities, ...
Capacitance Adjustment, which combines the ... different capacitances, i.e. different sensitivities, ...

BD99010EFV-M
BD99010EFV-M

... The application does not require an external Schottky diode as commonly used in conventional DC/DC converter IC’s. The low-side power transistor provides two advantages: it reduces the switching losses by careful on-chip timing to prevent shoot-through and improves the leakage current (resulting in ...
EMC and variable speed drives
EMC and variable speed drives

Aalborg Universitet Power Loads
Aalborg Universitet Power Loads

No Slide Title - Chabot College
No Slide Title - Chabot College

... Each customer has their own internal specifications  Requirements often difficult to interpret ...
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ) Vol. 5(2014) No.12, pp. 1696-1702
International Electrical Engineering Journal (IEEJ) Vol. 5(2014) No.12, pp. 1696-1702

... more precise when compared with conventional solutions [14], [15]. To the problem of OPF Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been applied in [10] that worked out food searching behavior of animals of birds. They also computed the best positional locally and globally at any given point of time in o ...
NAPHDRW C17 ELE 123
NAPHDRW C17 ELE 123

... 6. If a break occurs in one of the loops of a parallel circuit, current will not run through the other loops. True or False? (Circle one.) Household Circuits (p. 444) 7. Which of the following may cause a circuit failure? (Circle all that apply.) a. water b. broken wires ...
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Switched-mode power supply



A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, switch-mode power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a source, like mains power, to a load, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and current characteristics. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation transitions, which minimizes wasted energy. Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time. In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an important advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switched-mode power supplies may also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer size and weight.Switching regulators are used as replacements for linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter weight are required. They are, however, more complicated; their switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs may have a poor power factor.
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