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Macroeconomics - 4J Blog Server
Macroeconomics - 4J Blog Server

... d. Suppose that the increase in input price does not occur but instead that productivity increases by 100 percent. What would be the new per-unit cost of production? What effect would this change in per unit production cost have on the aggregate supply curve? What effect would this shift in aggregat ...
The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure
The Circular Flow of Income and Expenditure

... The Role of the Financial Sector In addition to the leakages and injections that have been mentioned, Figure 8.2 includes an important box that represents the economy’s financial sector. This sector includes banks, mutual funds, insurance companies, and a host of other financial institutions, some o ...
this PDF file - Sistema de Bibliotecas FGV
this PDF file - Sistema de Bibliotecas FGV

... A neoclassical fiscal framework whereby the government levies taxes to finance consumption, issues debt for financing public ca­ pital formation, charges a rental price for public capital services according to its marginal productivity and uses the proceeds to pay interest on public debt along the o ...
Introductory MACROECONOMICS - CERGE-EI
Introductory MACROECONOMICS - CERGE-EI

...  Price level fixed at a predetermined level  Firms sell as much as buyers demand ...
08EPP Chapter 10
08EPP Chapter 10

... excess of taxes and other revenues ...
Module 30 - Long-Run Implications of Fiscal Policy
Module 30 - Long-Run Implications of Fiscal Policy

... • Cyclically Adjusted Budget Balance separates impact due to deliberate policy from impact due to the current state of the business cycle • Is an estimate of what the Budget Balance would be if real GDP = potential output • After adjusting for current state of business cycle the government is still ...
MonetaryPolicyPractice
MonetaryPolicyPractice

... 2. One reason that people hold money is to pay for unexpected car repairs and other unpredictable expenses. This motive for holding money is called: a. transactions demand. b. precautionary demand. c. speculative demand. d. noncyclical demand. 3. Keynes called the money people hold in order to buy b ...
Malaysia has experienced strong economic growth over the past
Malaysia has experienced strong economic growth over the past

... influence the movement of aggregate supply in an economy by increasing the productive/ potential capacity of an economy without having to sacrifice rapid growth. To increase the aggregate supply of a country beyond its limit, we need to increase the quantity or/ and quality of factors of production ...
Macroeconomics Questions (T/F, fill
Macroeconomics Questions (T/F, fill

... Both include imports and exports, although GNP also counts “income receipts from the rest of the world” and “income payments to the rest of the world” as part of its definition of net exports. In 2010:III, US nominal GDP was 14,745.1 billion and GNP was 14,933.6 billion – because the US had more inc ...
Syllabus - Scott County Schools
Syllabus - Scott County Schools

... Overview: John Maynard Keynes once remarked, “In the long run we are all dead.” In this next unit we will apply some of the macroeconomic tools that have been learned to help produce some insights relating to aggregate supply and economic growth over time. We will look at the debates over the causes ...
Parkin-Bade Chapter 22
Parkin-Bade Chapter 22

... Fixed Prices and Expenditure Plans Marginal Propensities to Consume and Save The marginal propensity to consume (MPC) is the fraction of a change in disposable income spent on consumption. It is calculated as the change in consumption expenditure, C, divided by the change in disposable income, YD ...
This PDF is a selec on from a published volume... Bureau of Economic Research
This PDF is a selec on from a published volume... Bureau of Economic Research

... and, hence, inflation—will be uniquely determined by a suitable choice of an active monetary policy rule (e.g., an interest rate rule satisfying the Taylor principle). Alternatively, under regime F, fiscal authorities adopt an active fiscal policy by choosing an exogenous path for transfers and taxe ...
Paper (marking scheme)
Paper (marking scheme)

... etc. the firm may concentrate on maximising sales; increasing its share of the market. It may wish to achieve economies of scale; decrease the level of sales of rival firms; become the most dominant firm in the market. ...
National Income Accounting Essentials
National Income Accounting Essentials

... Why use GDP?   better aligned with international measures of output  o kind of like the metric system   better captures the effects of economic events on “our” economy   avoids issues of nationality , residency, ownership  ...
tma07 - john p birchall
tma07 - john p birchall

... The monetarists concentrated on the supply side of the economy and the issues of real production efficiency and competitive market forces. Their contention was that demand manipulation was impotent in the long term because any fiscal or monetary expansion merely displaced, diverted or 'crowded out' ...
stabilization policy.notebook - S Hoyt
stabilization policy.notebook - S Hoyt

... work to begin looking for work.  3. Increase in payroll taxes ­­ These make it more expensive to hire  employees.  4. Industrial restructuring. ­­ Some industries closing, some new  one's starting.  Many jobs lost due to  robotics.  5. Low productivity growth ­­If workers produce more product, the  ...
economics
economics

... Good A is a Complement. It has a negative CED. ...
File - LPS Business Department
File - LPS Business Department

... In terms of the long-run, you should have an understanding of both models, as this will allow you to explain and evaluate more fully the impact of economic policy ...
Unemployment, Business Cycle, Aggregate Demand and Aggregate
Unemployment, Business Cycle, Aggregate Demand and Aggregate

The Optimal Use of Public-Good Spending for Macroeconomic
The Optimal Use of Public-Good Spending for Macroeconomic

... Households also trade real bonds. They hold bonds to smooth consumption and also because they derive utility from wealth, which can only be stored in bonds. Bonds pay real interest which defines inter temporal prices. Matching frictions add market tightness as an additional variable in the model. He ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Consumers expect a recession If consumer expect a recession then they will not spend as much money today as to "save for a rainy day". Thus if spending has decreased, then our aggregate demand must decrease. An aggregate demand decrease is shown as a shift to the left of the aggregate demand curve, ...
Elements of expenditure policy
Elements of expenditure policy

... These are activities conducted by central banks and other public financial and nonfinancial institutions and which give rise to financial transactions, which are not reflected in the budget. They are mostly used to achieve specific budgetary or fiscal objectives outside the budget (and often in a no ...
What is gross domestic product (GDP)?
What is gross domestic product (GDP)?

... price of beef increases, ceteris paribus people will purchase less beef. In this situation, ceteris paribus means that the possibility of other changes affecting the sales of beef will not be considered. Other things could happen that would keep the sales of beef the same or even increase the sales ...
Chapter 16
Chapter 16

... Money supply and interest rates In basic terms, the interest rate is the cost of money  Works under the principles of supply and demand ...
The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy
The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy

... Money supply and interest rates In basic terms, the interest rate is the cost of money  Works under the principles of supply and demand ...
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Fiscal multiplier

In economics, the fiscal multiplier (not to be confused with monetary multiplier) is the ratio of a change in national income to the change in government spending that causes it. More generally, the exogenous spending multiplier is the ratio of a change in national income to any autonomous change in spending (private investment spending, consumer spending, government spending, or spending by foreigners on the country's exports) that causes it. When this multiplier exceeds one, the enhanced effect on national income is called the multiplier effect. The mechanism that can give rise to a multiplier effect is that an initial incremental amount of spending can lead to increased consumption spending, increasing income further and hence further increasing consumption, etc., resulting in an overall increase in national income greater than the initial incremental amount of spending. In other words, an initial change in aggregate demand may cause a change in aggregate output (and hence the aggregate income that it generates) that is a multiple of the initial change.The existence of a multiplier effect was initially proposed by Keynes student Richard Kahn in 1930 and published in 1931. Some other schools of economic thought reject or downplay the importance of multiplier effects, particularly in terms of the long run. The multiplier effect has been used as an argument for the efficacy of government spending or taxation relief to stimulate aggregate demand.In certain cases multiplier values less than one have been empirically measured (an example is sports stadiums), suggesting that certain types of government spending crowd out private investment or consumer spending that would have otherwise taken place. This crowding out can occur because the initial increase in spending may cause an increase in interest rates or in the price level. In 2009, The Economist magazine noted ""economists are in fact deeply divided about how well, or indeed whether, such stimulus works"", partly because of a lack of empirical data from non-military based stimulus. New evidence came from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, whose benefits were projected based on fiscal multipliers and which was in fact followed - from 2010 to 2012 - by a slowing of job loss and private sector job growth.
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