• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Economics/Business/Free Enterprise (GPS)
Economics/Business/Free Enterprise (GPS)

Measuring National Income
Measuring National Income

... GDP measures the total economic output in a country irrespective of whether it is beneficial or not. Eg cleaning up an oil spill is economic activity so is measured in GDP, but it would have been better if it never happened in the first place. Equally if we destroy a rainforest to plant palm trees f ...
the full paper
the full paper

... IMF. This comparison doesn’t surprise – the idea that four-fifths of a total stimulus of $40 billion would not make its way through into economic activity stretches credulity in all but the most extreme circumstances, and in fact, the extreme global economic circumstances in this case suggest higher ...
juan_aviles_eco202_milestone1-3
juan_aviles_eco202_milestone1-3

... ECO 202 Milestone three Professor 26 OCT 15 ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES

... forms of capital taxation often shift capital from more productive uses to investments like housing that do much less to raise national income and economic growth. Avoiding these tax increases requires making fundamental changes in the level of benefits or the way that benefits are financed. In the ...
UK reflections on the golden rule - Office for Budget Responsibility
UK reflections on the golden rule - Office for Budget Responsibility

Red, White and Due: Fixing America`s Debt Burden
Red, White and Due: Fixing America`s Debt Burden

... the formal authority. But it is notable that all three ratings ...
effect of government deficit spending on the gdp
effect of government deficit spending on the gdp

... Kiani (2007) showed that there was a positive effect of budget deficit in the US and long term interest rate. Also, a positive effect of budget deficit on interest rate in the United States was reported by Feldstein (1986) and Holster (1986). Posner (1987), Krueger (2003), and Macao (2003) argued th ...
Supply Side Economics
Supply Side Economics

Timeline of Famous Economists
Timeline of Famous Economists

... http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy/ ...
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

... of total domestic income. Government spending has risen to 35.5 percent of GDP. The budget deficit has been fluctuating around 3 percent of GDP, and public debt equals about 38 percent of total domestic output. ...
Chapter 12 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
Chapter 12 - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... • Equilibrium GDP tells us the level of spending in the economy • Full-employment GDP tells us the level of spending necessary to get the unemployment rate down to 5% (which we have been calling full-employment) • Fiscal policy is used to push equilibrium GDP toward full-employment GDP Copyright 20 ...
1. ME
1. ME

... With dollars in their pockets, the students spend money on food and drink, motel rooms, dance clubs, etc. These dollars raise total income there by some multiple of itself. College students buy pizzas, beer, and sodas. The people who sell these items find their incomes rising. They spend some fracti ...
Real Business Cycles - Villanova University
Real Business Cycles - Villanova University

... • Prior to RBC theory the mainstream idea was that aggregate demand caused business cycles (e.g. Keynesian IS-LM model) • Can a dynamic competitive equilibrium (CE) model provide an explanation of business cycles? • In CE without investment, there is no persistence (HW ...
Chapter 12 GDP
Chapter 12 GDP

... • We use GDP to evaluate whether or not our economy is growing. • If we produce more goods and services this year than last year we can conclude that we are growing. • Because GDP is measured by adding up our spending on output (PRICE X quantity) this is not always clear since prices tend to rise fr ...
Economics: Today and Tomorrow
Economics: Today and Tomorrow

... net domestic product (NDP): value of the nation’s total output (GDP) minus the total value lost through depreciation on equipment ...
Chpt 11 PP
Chpt 11 PP

... What puzzles will I learn to solve? • Why doesn’t economic growth include increases in spending for welfare, Social Security, and unemployment programs? • Can one newscaster report that the economy grew, while another reports that for the same year the economy declined, and both be correct? • How i ...
Standing Still But Still Standing
Standing Still But Still Standing

... } US Cliffhanger: The US economic expansion looks to be losing steam. A crucial issue is how Washington will handle ...
If, When, How: A Primer on Fiscal Stimulus
If, When, How: A Primer on Fiscal Stimulus

Document
Document

...  Then SP = (C + I + G + CA) – T – C = I + CA + (G - T) where G – T = government budget deficit.  So CA = SP – I – (G – T) A large gov’t budget deficit leads to a large current ...
Grants systems in OECD countries: trends and some policy
Grants systems in OECD countries: trends and some policy

... Source: OECD Fiscal Decentralisation Database ...
5. Should the Tax Laws Be Reformed to Encourage Saving?
5. Should the Tax Laws Be Reformed to Encourage Saving?

HOW THE FED CROWDED OUT REAGAN’S ECONOMIC POLICY Paul Craig Roberts
HOW THE FED CROWDED OUT REAGAN’S ECONOMIC POLICY Paul Craig Roberts

... where tax rates were lower, and to shift tax deductions and credits to 1981 where their value was highest. The result was to worsen the economy and the deficit in 1981. This argument is not a supply-side rationale offered after the fact of the recession. It was made prior to the election of Ronald R ...
LCcarG640_en.pdf
LCcarG640_en.pdf

... small in relation to other countries in the Caribbean and Latin America. So that, in addition to the problems faced by developing countries, as a whole, Caribbean countries face additional problems on account o f small size. Among these are narrow production structures and volatility in foreign capi ...
GOVERNING GLOBAL DERIVATIVES
GOVERNING GLOBAL DERIVATIVES

... balance sheet of firms, banks.Not for Govern’ts or public bodies (e.g. Regions or Cities).  Measured at notional amount (not turnover).  The fair value means that they can be assets liabilities depending on the market value of contract (in-at or out of the money).  Tax timing options. ...
< 1 ... 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 ... 580 >

Fiscal multiplier

In economics, the fiscal multiplier (not to be confused with monetary multiplier) is the ratio of a change in national income to the change in government spending that causes it. More generally, the exogenous spending multiplier is the ratio of a change in national income to any autonomous change in spending (private investment spending, consumer spending, government spending, or spending by foreigners on the country's exports) that causes it. When this multiplier exceeds one, the enhanced effect on national income is called the multiplier effect. The mechanism that can give rise to a multiplier effect is that an initial incremental amount of spending can lead to increased consumption spending, increasing income further and hence further increasing consumption, etc., resulting in an overall increase in national income greater than the initial incremental amount of spending. In other words, an initial change in aggregate demand may cause a change in aggregate output (and hence the aggregate income that it generates) that is a multiple of the initial change.The existence of a multiplier effect was initially proposed by Keynes student Richard Kahn in 1930 and published in 1931. Some other schools of economic thought reject or downplay the importance of multiplier effects, particularly in terms of the long run. The multiplier effect has been used as an argument for the efficacy of government spending or taxation relief to stimulate aggregate demand.In certain cases multiplier values less than one have been empirically measured (an example is sports stadiums), suggesting that certain types of government spending crowd out private investment or consumer spending that would have otherwise taken place. This crowding out can occur because the initial increase in spending may cause an increase in interest rates or in the price level. In 2009, The Economist magazine noted ""economists are in fact deeply divided about how well, or indeed whether, such stimulus works"", partly because of a lack of empirical data from non-military based stimulus. New evidence came from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, whose benefits were projected based on fiscal multipliers and which was in fact followed - from 2010 to 2012 - by a slowing of job loss and private sector job growth.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report