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Stewartia in cultivation
Stewartia in cultivation

... It would be interesting to survey the genetic variation of S. pseudocam­ ellia in cultivation and determine whether they are descended from one or two clones at the Arnold Arboretum. There is a need to expand and diversify the number of wild-origin S. pseudocamellia from Korea. Polly Hill Arboretum ...
Spanish heath (Erica lusitanica) and other Erica species
Spanish heath (Erica lusitanica) and other Erica species

... rather than 4 and stiff leaves that are alternate instead of whorled or opposite. Examples are listed in the table below. Common heath (Epacris impressa) is generally an erect shrub to 1.2 m tall, with stiff pointed leaves up to 13 mm long that are alternate and well-spaced. Flowers red, pink or whi ...
Beyond pine Cones: An Introduction to Gymnosperms
Beyond pine Cones: An Introduction to Gymnosperms

... However, in Araucariaceae, a Southern Hemisphere family, there is no apparent ovuliferous scale at any time during development; instead, the ovules are borne directly on the bracts. In such groups where there is no ovuliferous scale, this scale is considered to have been lost over evolutionary time. ...
6-2.3 - S2TEM Centers SC
6-2.3 - S2TEM Centers SC

... classified into groups based on specific structures. All plants are included in this kingdom, which is then broken down into smaller and smaller divisions based on several characteristics, for example:  How they absorb and circulate fluids – vascular or nonvascular;  How they reproduce – spores or ...
Reproductive potential of Acacia species in the central wheatbelt
Reproductive potential of Acacia species in the central wheatbelt

... found. However, some saplings were found, suggesting that seedling establishment does occur regularly. Acacia steedmanii initiated 67 inflorescences per branch (more than all other species), but from all inflorescences initiated only 6.6% developed a pod, with 5.6 pods per branch and 1.1 pods per in ...
(Papilionaceae: Phaseoleae) (1911) new species: species are (see
(Papilionaceae: Phaseoleae) (1911) new species: species are (see

... the upper surface than leaflets of M. bakeri. The hairs ...
Ovule - SchoolRack
Ovule - SchoolRack

... Fig. 38-11a ...
Maternal adjustment of offspring provisioning and the consequences
Maternal adjustment of offspring provisioning and the consequences

... ability and variation in seed size reduces risk in variable environments. Violle and colleagues also proposed that a reduction in offspring size and number (passive response hypothesis) would be a maladaptive response because having less seed reserves would only exacerbate the negative effects of co ...
Neotropical Anachronisms: The Fruits the Gomphotheres Ate
Neotropical Anachronisms: The Fruits the Gomphotheres Ate

... 6) Many of the fruits fall off the tree upon ripening or even well before they ripen; this is best described as behavioral presentation of fruits to earth-bound dispersal agents. 7) The fruits usually attract few or no arboreal or winged dispersal agents such as bats, guans, or spider monkeys. If th ...
Fieldguides | USU Extension - Utah State University Extension
Fieldguides | USU Extension - Utah State University Extension

... sepals. Berries remain green or turn yellowish at maturity, and ...
XPS DTDv4.0 BIO2
XPS DTDv4.0 BIO2

... seedling survival and plant fitness, but this assumption has never been tested experimentally. Given that numbers of herbivorous waterfowl are higher in winter in Mediterranean wetlands, herbivory pressure there will be higher for early growing plants. In a factorial experiment we investigated the e ...
ЯБЛОНСКАЯ М.И., БЯХОВА В.М. Под редакцией заведующей
ЯБЛОНСКАЯ М.И., БЯХОВА В.М. Под редакцией заведующей

... members’ flowers but also leaves and other plant parts. For example, the rose family, Rosaceae, includes members of the genera Rosa (rose), Malus (apple), Prunus (plum), Frageria (strawberry), and many others. They all have similar flowers with five petals and many stamens. Some other large families ...
9 Revegetation - Department of Planning
9 Revegetation - Department of Planning

... Licences and permission are required to collect seed and cuttings from plants growing on public land. Licence applications should be submitted through your local Department of Conservation and Land Management office to the Department’s Wildlife Protection Branch in Kensington. Permission must also b ...
Hamamelidaceae, Part 1: Exploring the Witch-hazels of
Hamamelidaceae, Part 1: Exploring the Witch-hazels of

... near the summit of Bussey Hill, and among the jewels of the Explorers Garden. As autumn arrives at the Arboretum, the flowering season for the witch-hazel family begins, and will carry through until spring. Starting in October, common witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)—a New England native—begins to ...
Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and their Native Look
Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and their Native Look

... general are in the hundreds of billions. These estimated losses include damage to agricultural crops, funds spent on control, etc. The ecological impacts of invasive species are more difficult to quantify, but are nevertheless critically important. Invasive plants can impact native ecosystems in a v ...
Coevolution of Cycads and Dinosaurs
Coevolution of Cycads and Dinosaurs

... Similar evidence can be found in the distribution of extant cycad species, which typically inhabit small areas where they occupy specialized ecological niches. As an example, the Mexican genus Dioon is comprised of eleven species and subspecies, each limited to a small geographic range, with habitat ...
Competition between harvester ants and rodents in the cold desert
Competition between harvester ants and rodents in the cold desert

... production of annuals (19.2 percent relative cover compared to 6.8 percent in 1977), active competition for seeds between the two taxa may have been masked. Ants may exert a stronger influence on rodent distributions in cold desert environments than our data have shown. Because ants have an impact o ...
Evaluating the role of ecological isolation in maintaining the species
Evaluating the role of ecological isolation in maintaining the species

... woodland site was dominated by Quercus robur with little herbaceous cover beneath, and was not tilled prior to planting. Within each site, the populations were planted at least 20 m apart (populations of the two species are frequently found in closer proximity in natural situations). The woodland an ...
FRUITS A FRUIT IS A MATURE OVARY CONTAINING SEEDS. A
FRUITS A FRUIT IS A MATURE OVARY CONTAINING SEEDS. A

... ...
Botany Handbook IFAS - Escambia County Extension
Botany Handbook IFAS - Escambia County Extension

... rootlets, and travel through the main root into the stems and leaves. Root hairs are formed in great numbers near the tips of roots. In most plants they are short-lived. If a plant is transplanted carelessly, it is the loss of many of these small root hairs with their water-absorbing cells that will ...
Flower Structure Handout
Flower Structure Handout

... Participants can take flowers apart and tape on paper or they could draw the flower parts. Be really creative take art supplies and random “stuff” to have participant make flower sculptures. Connecting art and science is a great way to reinforce learning science while letting participants share thei ...
Natural Area Weeds: Mexican Petunia (Ruellia simplex)
Natural Area Weeds: Mexican Petunia (Ruellia simplex)

... Eradication of this species may prove to be extremely difficult. Hand pulling of this species can be effective for small areas or individual plants; however, all vegetative material must be removed to prevent vegetative re-growth from the underground rhizomes (Reinhardt Adams et al. 2014b). Mexican ...
Integrated Management of Nonnative Plants in Natural Areas of Florida Introduction
Integrated Management of Nonnative Plants in Natural Areas of Florida Introduction

... Management of invasive vegetation in natural areas requires control methods that will minimize damage to nontarget vegetation and soil. Often this need for caution necessitates more time and effort than does weed management in agricultural, industrial, or right-of-way settings. Some particular types ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... of native plants through a number of different mechanisms. First, the invader could depress the abundance of native flowers. Whether or not those native species co-­ flower with the invader, lower abundance could reduce the attractiveness of the floral display to pollinators, or reduce the populatio ...
Structure of a flower
Structure of a flower

... • large and feathery • hand outside the flower for picking up pollen grains from air ...
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Ecology of Banksia



The ecology of Banksia refers to all the relationships and interactions among the plant genus Banksia and its environment. Banksia has a number of adaptations that have so far enabled the genus to survive despite dry, nutrient-poor soil, low rates of seed set, high rates of seed predation and low rates of seedling survival. These adaptations include proteoid roots and lignotubers; specialised floral structures that attract nectariferous animals and ensure effective pollen transfer; and the release of seed in response to bushfire.The arrival of Europeans in Australia has brought new ecological challenges. European colonisation of Australia has directly affected Banksia through deforestation, exploitation of flowers and changes to the fire regime. In addition, the accidental introduction and spread of plant pathogens such as Phytophthora cinnamomi (dieback) pose a serious threat to the genus's habitat and biodiversity. Various conservation measures have been put in place to mitigate these threats, but a number of taxa remain endangered.
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