Flagellated Ectosymbiotic Bacteria Propel a Eucaryotic Cell
... contact is maintained. This is particularly evident when devescovinids undergo a temporary acceleration as they squeeze between other protozoa. Nevertheless, except for these cases, or unless compressed between the slide and cover slip (see below), isolated devescovinids display little or no net loc ...
... contact is maintained. This is particularly evident when devescovinids undergo a temporary acceleration as they squeeze between other protozoa. Nevertheless, except for these cases, or unless compressed between the slide and cover slip (see below), isolated devescovinids display little or no net loc ...
Genetic modification of a vaginal strain of L actobacillus fermentum
... are the dominant bacterial species of the healthy human vagina7 and are also routinely found as normal flora in a wide variety of Moreover, they are harmless commensals, devoid of pathogenic potential. To be useful as vaccine vehicles, lactobacilli need to carry and express foreign antigens. The gen ...
... are the dominant bacterial species of the healthy human vagina7 and are also routinely found as normal flora in a wide variety of Moreover, they are harmless commensals, devoid of pathogenic potential. To be useful as vaccine vehicles, lactobacilli need to carry and express foreign antigens. The gen ...
Bacteria in Agrobiology
... Secondly, resistance of genetically resistant cultivars is often broken by the pathogen within a few years and frequently accompanied by a reduction in yield (Fry 2008). Typically, there is a lack of acceptance among the public for genetically modified (GM) crops. Environment-friendly biotechnologic ...
... Secondly, resistance of genetically resistant cultivars is often broken by the pathogen within a few years and frequently accompanied by a reduction in yield (Fry 2008). Typically, there is a lack of acceptance among the public for genetically modified (GM) crops. Environment-friendly biotechnologic ...
Material
... 1. For a more accurate count it is advisable to plate each dilution induplicate or triplicate and then find an average count. 2. Sterilize the glass rod by dipping the bent portion in a dish of alcohol and igniting the alcohol with the flame from your burner. Let the flame burn out. 3. Normally, the ...
... 1. For a more accurate count it is advisable to plate each dilution induplicate or triplicate and then find an average count. 2. Sterilize the glass rod by dipping the bent portion in a dish of alcohol and igniting the alcohol with the flame from your burner. Let the flame burn out. 3. Normally, the ...
Allies and Enemies: How the World Depends on Bacteria
... or ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA carries information inside cells just as DNA carries genes. RNA interprets the code in DNA’s genes and uses this information to assemble cellular components. RNA would be a likely candidate for originating viruses because its structure is simpler than DNA’s; DNA contai ...
... or ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA carries information inside cells just as DNA carries genes. RNA interprets the code in DNA’s genes and uses this information to assemble cellular components. RNA would be a likely candidate for originating viruses because its structure is simpler than DNA’s; DNA contai ...
Qualitative and quantitative methodologies for determination of
... medium, such as fibrous filters, membrane filters, or etched membranes (Crook 1995a). For airborne microorganisms, however, filtration poses two major disadvantages: (a) dehydration of cells and therefore loss of viability and/or culturability due to the large volume of air passing over the particle ...
... medium, such as fibrous filters, membrane filters, or etched membranes (Crook 1995a). For airborne microorganisms, however, filtration poses two major disadvantages: (a) dehydration of cells and therefore loss of viability and/or culturability due to the large volume of air passing over the particle ...
Viruses and Bacteria
... host cell is broken open and releases newly made viruses. Though reproduction in bacterial viruses is illustrated here, these stages are common to infections by other viruses as well. The lytic cycle is shown in Figure 4. ...
... host cell is broken open and releases newly made viruses. Though reproduction in bacterial viruses is illustrated here, these stages are common to infections by other viruses as well. The lytic cycle is shown in Figure 4. ...
Virulence, adherence, and growth of a Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm
... Lactobacillus sp. tended to increase over the menstrual cycle, and this was mainly due to H2O2positive Lactobacillus. However, there was no significant change in non-Lactobacillus flora. In healthy women, Lactobacillus sp. changed little over the menstrual cycle, but non-Lactobacillus species (inclu ...
... Lactobacillus sp. tended to increase over the menstrual cycle, and this was mainly due to H2O2positive Lactobacillus. However, there was no significant change in non-Lactobacillus flora. In healthy women, Lactobacillus sp. changed little over the menstrual cycle, but non-Lactobacillus species (inclu ...
Cell–cell signalling in bacteria: not simply a matter of quorum
... two LuxI/LuxR circuits arranged in series: LasI/LasR/3oxo,C12HSL and RhlI/RhlR/C4-HSL. The LasR/3oxo,C12-HSL complex activates a variety of target genes involved in virulence and also exerts a transcriptional control of rhlR and rhlI (Latifi et al., 1996); thus, induction of the genes under control ...
... two LuxI/LuxR circuits arranged in series: LasI/LasR/3oxo,C12HSL and RhlI/RhlR/C4-HSL. The LasR/3oxo,C12-HSL complex activates a variety of target genes involved in virulence and also exerts a transcriptional control of rhlR and rhlI (Latifi et al., 1996); thus, induction of the genes under control ...
Culture-based Methods for Detection of Antibiotic Resistance in
... are widely distributed in the environment (Hayes et al., 2004; Schulz et al., 2012), where they have surfaced as organisms of importance due to the emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) strains that are currently responsible for approximately 20% of all nosocomial infections in the United ...
... are widely distributed in the environment (Hayes et al., 2004; Schulz et al., 2012), where they have surfaced as organisms of importance due to the emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) strains that are currently responsible for approximately 20% of all nosocomial infections in the United ...
Cell-wall thickness: possible mechanism of acriflavine resistance in
... 209P were equal within an error range. Thus we decided to use S. aureus 209P as a representative susceptible strain. The acriflavine MIC value for S. aureus 209P was 1 mg ml21, whilst those for all of the MRSA clinical isolates were four or more times higher, ranging from 4 to .128 mg ml21. Based on ...
... 209P were equal within an error range. Thus we decided to use S. aureus 209P as a representative susceptible strain. The acriflavine MIC value for S. aureus 209P was 1 mg ml21, whilst those for all of the MRSA clinical isolates were four or more times higher, ranging from 4 to .128 mg ml21. Based on ...
Molecular Biology, Genetics and Applications of Yersiniophages
... The bacterial genus Yersinia belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersiniae are Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that inhabit a wide variety of ecological environments. The genus includes 12 species, of which Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis are pathoge ...
... The bacterial genus Yersinia belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersiniae are Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that inhabit a wide variety of ecological environments. The genus includes 12 species, of which Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis are pathoge ...
Bacterial but not protist gut microbiota align with ecological
... between protist and termite host (Noda et al., 2007; Desai et al., 2010). In return, ...
... between protist and termite host (Noda et al., 2007; Desai et al., 2010). In return, ...
Diversity, ecology and intestinal function of
... bifidobacteria, and the corresponding charged tRNAs are believed to be produced with the involvement of specific Asn- and Gln-tRNA amidotransferases, performing transamidation of misacetylated Asp-tRNA(Asn) and Glu-tRNA(Gln) [20,21]. The organization of the bifidobacterial chromosome also appears to ...
... bifidobacteria, and the corresponding charged tRNAs are believed to be produced with the involvement of specific Asn- and Gln-tRNA amidotransferases, performing transamidation of misacetylated Asp-tRNA(Asn) and Glu-tRNA(Gln) [20,21]. The organization of the bifidobacterial chromosome also appears to ...
The Urinary Tract
... members of this genus colonize the lower intestines of mammals within a few hours after birth as commensals, with E. coli as the principal commensal species. These Gramnegative, facultative anaerobic, motile rod shaped bacteria belong to the γ suborder of the family Proteobacteriaceae. They cause di ...
... members of this genus colonize the lower intestines of mammals within a few hours after birth as commensals, with E. coli as the principal commensal species. These Gramnegative, facultative anaerobic, motile rod shaped bacteria belong to the γ suborder of the family Proteobacteriaceae. They cause di ...
BIO 209 Laboratory Manual - Bluegrass Community and Technical
... In order to study the characteristics of a microorganism, it is first necessary to separate it from other microorganisms present in the mixture; we must isolate the suspected organism in pure culture. A pure culture is one in which all of the cells present in the culture originated from a single cel ...
... In order to study the characteristics of a microorganism, it is first necessary to separate it from other microorganisms present in the mixture; we must isolate the suspected organism in pure culture. A pure culture is one in which all of the cells present in the culture originated from a single cel ...
Mechanisms of Resistance to Macrolides and Lincosamides: Nature
... extrinsic genes easily by transformation followed by homologous recombination might then lead to spread. The prevalence and clinical importance of the pneumococcal mutants are not known. In particular, the in vivo conditions that lead to selection of mutant strains have not been studied. Because att ...
... extrinsic genes easily by transformation followed by homologous recombination might then lead to spread. The prevalence and clinical importance of the pneumococcal mutants are not known. In particular, the in vivo conditions that lead to selection of mutant strains have not been studied. Because att ...
Pathogenesis of E. coli
... Introduction E. coli and related bacteria constitute about 0.1% of gut flora and fecal– oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time, which makes them ideal indicator org ...
... Introduction E. coli and related bacteria constitute about 0.1% of gut flora and fecal– oral transmission is the major route through which pathogenic strains of the bacterium cause disease. Cells are able to survive outside the body for a limited amount of time, which makes them ideal indicator org ...
Wolbachia: Evolutionary novelty in a rickettsial bacteria | SpringerLink
... representative GroEL amino acid sequences from the three rickettsial genera, and constructed an unrooted tree (Figure 2). This tree is congruent with the tree derived from 16S rDNA sequences. Our analyses confirm monophyly for Wolbachia taxa, including representatives of Wolbachia strains infecting ...
... representative GroEL amino acid sequences from the three rickettsial genera, and constructed an unrooted tree (Figure 2). This tree is congruent with the tree derived from 16S rDNA sequences. Our analyses confirm monophyly for Wolbachia taxa, including representatives of Wolbachia strains infecting ...
Phylogenies and pheromones
... inside another organism, this is defined as endosymbiosis (Buchner 1965; Kikuchi 2009). Furthermore, endosymbionts can live either extracellularly (e.g. inside the intestinal tract) or intracellularly, where they often live in specialized cells (Houk & Griffiths 1980; Ishikawa 2003). ...
... inside another organism, this is defined as endosymbiosis (Buchner 1965; Kikuchi 2009). Furthermore, endosymbionts can live either extracellularly (e.g. inside the intestinal tract) or intracellularly, where they often live in specialized cells (Houk & Griffiths 1980; Ishikawa 2003). ...
Potent and wide range of activity vs Gram +ve and Gram
... Less active than other penicillins Inactive vs. Gram -ve bacteria Nature of R & R’ influences absorption and plasma protein binding Cloxacillin better absorbed than oxacillin Flucloxacillin less bound to plasma protein, leading to higher levels of free drug ...
... Less active than other penicillins Inactive vs. Gram -ve bacteria Nature of R & R’ influences absorption and plasma protein binding Cloxacillin better absorbed than oxacillin Flucloxacillin less bound to plasma protein, leading to higher levels of free drug ...
... of the drug (Speer et al., 1991). All these mechanisms are based on the acquisition of one or several tetracycline resistance determinants, which are widely distributed among bacterial genera (Schnappinger and Hillen, 1996). Additionally, mutations in the rRNA, multidrug transporter systems or perme ...
... microbiome as ‘‘the ecological community of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that literally share our body space’’ [1]. Most of phylogenetic data and research focuses on bacteria, as they represent most of the microorganisms that inhabit our bodies. The number of resident microbes ...
Protein Signatures Distinctive of Alpha Proteobacteria and Its
... many different metal centers. One of the proteins involved in its assembly is Ctag (Cox11), which is required for the formation of CuB and magnesium centers of Cox I (Hiser et al. 2000). In the Ctag protein, a 5 aa insert in a conserved region is present in all α-proteobacteria, but not found in any ...
... many different metal centers. One of the proteins involved in its assembly is Ctag (Cox11), which is required for the formation of CuB and magnesium centers of Cox I (Hiser et al. 2000). In the Ctag protein, a 5 aa insert in a conserved region is present in all α-proteobacteria, but not found in any ...
Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) refers to the transfer of genes between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction. Also termed lateral gene transfer (LGT), it contrasts with vertical transfer, the transmission of genes from the parental generation to offspring via sexual or asexual reproduction. HGT has been shown to be an important factor in the evolution of many organisms.Horizontal gene transfer is the primary reason for bacterial antibiotic resistance, and plays an important role in the evolution of bacteria that can degrade novel compounds such as human-created pesticides and in the evolution, maintenance, and transmission of virulence. This horizontal gene transfer often involves temperate bacteriophages and plasmids. Genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance in one species of bacteria can be transferred to another species of bacteria through various mechanisms (e.g., via F-pilus), subsequently arming the antibiotic resistant genes' recipient against antibiotics, which is becoming a medical challenge to deal with.Most thinking in genetics has focused upon vertical transfer, but there is a growing awareness that horizontal gene transfer is a highly significant phenomenon and among single-celled organisms perhaps the dominant form of genetic transfer.Artificial horizontal gene transfer is a form of genetic engineering.