A review on shape memory alloys with applications to morphing
... The first property (SME) is particularly useful and is due to the specific crystalline structure of the martensite phase, which is the typical phase for an SMA at ‘low’ temperature. It consists of a dense arrangement of crystal planes placed with an opposite orientation and with very high relative m ...
... The first property (SME) is particularly useful and is due to the specific crystalline structure of the martensite phase, which is the typical phase for an SMA at ‘low’ temperature. It consists of a dense arrangement of crystal planes placed with an opposite orientation and with very high relative m ...
Electron Spin Resonance Tutorial
... The degree to which these kinds of information have been exploited varies widely. Although experimentalists often make qualitative observations relating "strong" or "weak" spectra to chemical circumstances, quantitative applications of integrated intensities are rare in ESR studies. This could be a ...
... The degree to which these kinds of information have been exploited varies widely. Although experimentalists often make qualitative observations relating "strong" or "weak" spectra to chemical circumstances, quantitative applications of integrated intensities are rare in ESR studies. This could be a ...
University of Groningen Electrical spin injection in metallic
... In general there are different theoretical transport formalisms which can be used to describe transport, ranging from the most simple, but transparent, free electron model, to complex ’ab initio’ transport calculations where the physics can be difficult to interpret due the rigorous applied mathemat ...
... In general there are different theoretical transport formalisms which can be used to describe transport, ranging from the most simple, but transparent, free electron model, to complex ’ab initio’ transport calculations where the physics can be difficult to interpret due the rigorous applied mathemat ...
Chapter 1 Introduction: Important Biomolecules
... we take example of non living molecules and the process of exchange of energy. Into the non living molecules the exchange of energy is produced by the chemical process at specific atmospheric condition. Similarly such kind of process occurs for the biomolecules or living molecules. In such process, ...
... we take example of non living molecules and the process of exchange of energy. Into the non living molecules the exchange of energy is produced by the chemical process at specific atmospheric condition. Similarly such kind of process occurs for the biomolecules or living molecules. In such process, ...
Lecture Notes 12: Microscopic Theory of Dielectrics, Clausius-Mossotti Eqn, Langevin and DeBye Eqns; Ferro-, Piezo- and Pyro-Electric Materials
... In a real Class-A/linear non-polar dielectric, e.g. at room temperature, at the microscopic level, due to the thermal energy associated with the material making up the dielectric, from one instant in time to the next at any given point r inside the dielectric, random fluctuations of significant size ...
... In a real Class-A/linear non-polar dielectric, e.g. at room temperature, at the microscopic level, due to the thermal energy associated with the material making up the dielectric, from one instant in time to the next at any given point r inside the dielectric, random fluctuations of significant size ...
Freezing and Melting Transitions under Mesoscalic Confinement
... channel is able to accommodate a nucleus of the critical size.1 The nucleation process is effective at sufficiently low temperatures only, i.e., it requires a significant degree of undercooling of the confined fluid. Hence, as soon as a stable crystal seed of the critical size is nucleated, it will immedi ...
... channel is able to accommodate a nucleus of the critical size.1 The nucleation process is effective at sufficiently low temperatures only, i.e., it requires a significant degree of undercooling of the confined fluid. Hence, as soon as a stable crystal seed of the critical size is nucleated, it will immedi ...
PDF-Datei - Kirchhoff
... information can be used to motivate, support and validate models of the processes behind climate change. These models may then indicate potential climate control levers. In order to get a grasp of the complexity of these interactions, the hydrological cycle has to be well understood. In this context ...
... information can be used to motivate, support and validate models of the processes behind climate change. These models may then indicate potential climate control levers. In order to get a grasp of the complexity of these interactions, the hydrological cycle has to be well understood. In this context ...
Origin of space-separated charges in photoexcited organic
... the respective electrodes. On the other hand, several recent spectroscopic studies [7–10] have indicated the presence of spatially separated electrons and holes on ultrafast (100 fs) time scales after the photoexcitation. These findings challenge the described picture of free-charge generation in O ...
... the respective electrodes. On the other hand, several recent spectroscopic studies [7–10] have indicated the presence of spatially separated electrons and holes on ultrafast (100 fs) time scales after the photoexcitation. These findings challenge the described picture of free-charge generation in O ...
Electron production in proton collisions with atoms and
... ones are excitation of the target, electron capture, and the ejection of free electrons from the target. The last process, often called "direct ionization," involves the greatest exchange of energy and is also the most probable process for collision velocities exceeding the orbital velocity of the e ...
... ones are excitation of the target, electron capture, and the ejection of free electrons from the target. The last process, often called "direct ionization," involves the greatest exchange of energy and is also the most probable process for collision velocities exceeding the orbital velocity of the e ...
canonical theories of lagrangian dynamical systems in physics
... the ‘qualitative” analysis of classical field theories. For instance: solutions of the field equations which give a vanishing Lagrangian density L are associated with singularities in the transversality relations between wave fronts and extremals. A number of examples (strings, gauge theories etc.) ...
... the ‘qualitative” analysis of classical field theories. For instance: solutions of the field equations which give a vanishing Lagrangian density L are associated with singularities in the transversality relations between wave fronts and extremals. A number of examples (strings, gauge theories etc.) ...
Theory of Many-Particle Systems
... of important ways in which Green functions are defined and there are important relations between the different definitions. Quite often, a certain application calls for one Green function, whereas it is easier to calculate a different Green function for the same system. We now present the various de ...
... of important ways in which Green functions are defined and there are important relations between the different definitions. Quite often, a certain application calls for one Green function, whereas it is easier to calculate a different Green function for the same system. We now present the various de ...
Spontaneous and stimulated X-ray Raman scattering
... history of light. One of the greatest applications of X-rays is X-ray crystallography triggered by K. von Laue and W.H. and W.L. Bragg. Soon later, various X-ray spectroscopy techniques like X-ray absorption, fluorescence, photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy were developed to study the structure of ...
... history of light. One of the greatest applications of X-rays is X-ray crystallography triggered by K. von Laue and W.H. and W.L. Bragg. Soon later, various X-ray spectroscopy techniques like X-ray absorption, fluorescence, photoelectron and Auger spectroscopy were developed to study the structure of ...
Intrinsic dissipation in high-frequency micromechanical resonators
... determine the dominant mechanism by ruling out the other mechanisms through their parametric dependence or lack thereof. Experimentally, this is crucial to the identification of an unknown mechanism. In a certain region of parameter space, all the dependencies must be accounted for by this mechanism ...
... determine the dominant mechanism by ruling out the other mechanisms through their parametric dependence or lack thereof. Experimentally, this is crucial to the identification of an unknown mechanism. In a certain region of parameter space, all the dependencies must be accounted for by this mechanism ...
Longitudinal and transverse response of the electron gas
... Laplace’s equation, i.e. ∇2 φ = 0. Since the boundary condition is E1 → 0 for r → ∞, it follows that ∇φ → 0 in that limit. A solution is obviously ∇φ = 0 everywhere. However, according to a well known theorem[1, 2], a solution of Laplace’s equation with specified values of ∇φ on the boundary is uniq ...
... Laplace’s equation, i.e. ∇2 φ = 0. Since the boundary condition is E1 → 0 for r → ∞, it follows that ∇φ → 0 in that limit. A solution is obviously ∇φ = 0 everywhere. However, according to a well known theorem[1, 2], a solution of Laplace’s equation with specified values of ∇φ on the boundary is uniq ...
Mössbauer Spectrometry
... structural properties within materials. A Mössbauer spectrum is an intensity of γ-ray absorption versus energy for a specific resonant nucleus such as 57Fe or 119Sn. Mössbauer spectrometry looks at materials from the “inside out,” where “inside” refers to the resonant nucleus. For one nucleus to emi ...
... structural properties within materials. A Mössbauer spectrum is an intensity of γ-ray absorption versus energy for a specific resonant nucleus such as 57Fe or 119Sn. Mössbauer spectrometry looks at materials from the “inside out,” where “inside” refers to the resonant nucleus. For one nucleus to emi ...
Physics of white dwarf stars
... pressure exceeds that of steel. Transient fields up to 10 MG may be produced in implosions. Thus white dwarfs provide a unique opportunity to study the effect of strong magnetic fields in great detail from the ultraviolet to the infrared. These observations have provided the main motivation in recen ...
... pressure exceeds that of steel. Transient fields up to 10 MG may be produced in implosions. Thus white dwarfs provide a unique opportunity to study the effect of strong magnetic fields in great detail from the ultraviolet to the infrared. These observations have provided the main motivation in recen ...
Theory of Polarization: A Modern Approach
... polarization has, as a practical matter, been adopted by the experimental community since the early days of the field. However, it was generally considered that this was done only as an expedient, because direct access to the “polarization itself” was difficult to obtain experimentally. Instead, wit ...
... polarization has, as a practical matter, been adopted by the experimental community since the early days of the field. However, it was generally considered that this was done only as an expedient, because direct access to the “polarization itself” was difficult to obtain experimentally. Instead, wit ...
Magnetic field effect in organic light emitting diodes
... separated by an energy gap in the range of several eV. The existence of a variety of organic materials with energy gaps in the visible spectral range makes this class of materials especially promising for future optoelectronic applications. In contrast to the strong interaction between neighboring a ...
... separated by an energy gap in the range of several eV. The existence of a variety of organic materials with energy gaps in the visible spectral range makes this class of materials especially promising for future optoelectronic applications. In contrast to the strong interaction between neighboring a ...
Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics is a branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of condensed phases of matter. Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by using physical laws. In particular, these include the laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and statistical mechanics.The most familiar condensed phases are solids and liquids, while more exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices, and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in cold atomic systems. The study of condensed matter physics involves measuring various material properties via experimental probes along with using techniques of theoretical physics to develop mathematical models that help in understanding physical behavior.The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary physics: one third of all American physicists identify themselves as condensed matter physicists, and the Division of Condensed Matter Physics is the largest division at the American Physical Society. The field overlaps with chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology, and relates closely to atomic physics and biophysics. Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.A variety of topics in physics such as crystallography, metallurgy, elasticity, magnetism, etc., were treated as distinct areas, until the 1940s when they were grouped together as solid state physics. Around the 1960s, the study of physical properties of liquids was added to this list, forming the basis for the new, related specialty of condensed matter physics. According to physicist Phil Anderson, the term was coined by him and Volker Heine when they changed the name of their group at the Cavendish Laboratories, Cambridge from ""Solid state theory"" to ""Theory of Condensed Matter"" in 1967, as they felt it did not exclude their interests in the study of liquids, nuclear matter and so on. Although Anderson and Heine helped popularize the name ""condensed matter"", it had been present in Europe for some years, most prominently in the form of a journal published in English, French, and German by Springer-Verlag titled Physics of Condensed Matter, which was launched in 1963. The funding environment and Cold War politics of the 1960s and 1970s were also factors that lead some physicists to prefer the name ""condensed matter physics"", which emphasized the commonality of scientific problems encountered by physicists working on solids, liquids, plasmas, and other complex matter, over ""solid state physics"", which was often associated with the industrial applications of metals and semiconductors. The Bell Telephone Laboratories was one of the first institutes to conduct a research program in condensed matter physics.References to ""condensed"" state can be traced to earlier sources. For example, in the introduction to his 1947 ""Kinetic theory of liquids"" book, Yakov Frenkel proposed that ""The kinetic theory of liquids must accordingly be developed as a generalization and extension of the kinetic theory of solid bodies"". As a matter of fact, it would be more correct to unify them under the title of ""condensed bodies"".