The Weak Interaction
... But we have said that all real particles are colour singlets (colour charge zero). Therefore if a gluon is to be exchanged between two particles (e.g. a neutron and a proton) the gluon must be also be a colour singlet (i.e. does not carry colour). In that case it would have to be the colour singlet ...
... But we have said that all real particles are colour singlets (colour charge zero). Therefore if a gluon is to be exchanged between two particles (e.g. a neutron and a proton) the gluon must be also be a colour singlet (i.e. does not carry colour). In that case it would have to be the colour singlet ...
Particle Detectors - Forschungszentrum Jülich
... The "drift" in the name of this chamber refers to the time it takes electrons to drift to the nearest sense wire from the place where the high-energy particle ionized an atom. Any three sense wires are only nearby in one place so a set of "hits" on these three fix a particle track in this region. By ...
... The "drift" in the name of this chamber refers to the time it takes electrons to drift to the nearest sense wire from the place where the high-energy particle ionized an atom. Any three sense wires are only nearby in one place so a set of "hits" on these three fix a particle track in this region. By ...
The Standard Model of Particle Physics
... is a theoretical framework built from observation that predicts and correlates new data. The Mendeleev table of elements was an early example in chemistry; from the periodic table one could predict the properties of many hitherto unstudied elements and compounds. Nonrelativistic quantum theory is an ...
... is a theoretical framework built from observation that predicts and correlates new data. The Mendeleev table of elements was an early example in chemistry; from the periodic table one could predict the properties of many hitherto unstudied elements and compounds. Nonrelativistic quantum theory is an ...
Cavity Induced Interfacing of Atoms and Light
... photons from such a system. These include cavity-enhanced spontaneous emission and Raman transitions stimulated by the vacuum field while driven by classical laser pulses. In particular, we discuss a scheme for adiabatic coupling between a single atom and an optical cavity, which is based on a unita ...
... photons from such a system. These include cavity-enhanced spontaneous emission and Raman transitions stimulated by the vacuum field while driven by classical laser pulses. In particular, we discuss a scheme for adiabatic coupling between a single atom and an optical cavity, which is based on a unita ...
Single-Photon Nonlinear Optics with Graphene Plasmons
... optics. Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon atoms, has attracted tremendous interest for its unique electronic, mechanical, and quantum transport properties [10–12]. Recently it has also been realized that the unique properties of graphene have a strong effect on the guided electromagnetic sur ...
... optics. Graphene, a single atomic layer of carbon atoms, has attracted tremendous interest for its unique electronic, mechanical, and quantum transport properties [10–12]. Recently it has also been realized that the unique properties of graphene have a strong effect on the guided electromagnetic sur ...
Radiation from accelerated charged particles
... Accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiation Synchrotron radiation is stronger for light particles and is emitted by bending magnets in a narrow cone within a critical frequency Undulators and wigglers enhance the synchrotron radiation emission Synchrotron radiation has unique charac ...
... Accelerated charged particles emit electromagnetic radiation Synchrotron radiation is stronger for light particles and is emitted by bending magnets in a narrow cone within a critical frequency Undulators and wigglers enhance the synchrotron radiation emission Synchrotron radiation has unique charac ...
Vibrating electric charges produce electromagnetic waves.
... Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves are made by vibrating electric charges and can travel through space where matter is not present. • Instead of transferring energy from particle to particle, electromagnetic waves travel by transferring energy between vibrating electric fields and magnetic ...
... Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic waves are made by vibrating electric charges and can travel through space where matter is not present. • Instead of transferring energy from particle to particle, electromagnetic waves travel by transferring energy between vibrating electric fields and magnetic ...
Electromagnetic Radiation Worksheets
... Speed of Electromagnetic Waves All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed across space. That speed, called the speed of light, is 300 million meters per second (3.0 × 108 m/s). Nothing else in the universe is known to travel this fast. If you could move that fast, you would be able to travel ...
... Speed of Electromagnetic Waves All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed across space. That speed, called the speed of light, is 300 million meters per second (3.0 × 108 m/s). Nothing else in the universe is known to travel this fast. If you could move that fast, you would be able to travel ...
G-APDs_vertex06_V2
... PIN photodiodes are very successful devices and are used in most big experiments in high energy physics (CLEO, L3, BELLE, BABAR, GLAST) but due to the noise of the neccessary amplifier the minimal detectable light pulses need to have several 100 photons. Avalanche photodiodes have internal gain whic ...
... PIN photodiodes are very successful devices and are used in most big experiments in high energy physics (CLEO, L3, BELLE, BABAR, GLAST) but due to the noise of the neccessary amplifier the minimal detectable light pulses need to have several 100 photons. Avalanche photodiodes have internal gain whic ...
Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN) - Tutorial
... Niobate crystal is periodically inverted (poled). The inverted portions of the crystal yield generated photons that are 180° out of phase with the generated photon that would have been created at that point in the crystal if it had not been poled. By choosing the correct periodicity with which to fl ...
... Niobate crystal is periodically inverted (poled). The inverted portions of the crystal yield generated photons that are 180° out of phase with the generated photon that would have been created at that point in the crystal if it had not been poled. By choosing the correct periodicity with which to fl ...
Leaving Cert Physics Long Questions 13. The
... Read this passage and answer the questions below. Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by using Planck’s quantum theory (E=hf). The German physicist Heinrich Hertz in 1887 was the first to discover that when light shines on certain metals, they emit electrons. Metals have the property that so ...
... Read this passage and answer the questions below. Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by using Planck’s quantum theory (E=hf). The German physicist Heinrich Hertz in 1887 was the first to discover that when light shines on certain metals, they emit electrons. Metals have the property that so ...
V807 -Photon-Counting Avalanche Photodiodes – A Primer
... The Task of Counting Photons Photons are quanta of light – they are discrete unit excitations of the electromagnetic field. Although photons are often described as “particles” of light, one should not imagine them as little round balls or geometric points. As with all denizens of the quantum world, ...
... The Task of Counting Photons Photons are quanta of light – they are discrete unit excitations of the electromagnetic field. Although photons are often described as “particles” of light, one should not imagine them as little round balls or geometric points. As with all denizens of the quantum world, ...
Energy and angular momentum transfers from an
... can be transferred to macroscopic objects and can make them rotating under a constant torque. Based on experimental observations, we investigate the origin of the orbital angular momentum and energy transfer. Due to the angular momentum and energy conservations, we show that the angular momentum tra ...
... can be transferred to macroscopic objects and can make them rotating under a constant torque. Based on experimental observations, we investigate the origin of the orbital angular momentum and energy transfer. Due to the angular momentum and energy conservations, we show that the angular momentum tra ...
New Theories of Gravitation and Particle Model Chongxi Yu
... Modern work on gravitational theory began with the work of Galileo Galilei in the late 16th. In 1687, Isaac Newton published Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which postulates that gravity is a force where two bodies of mass are directly attracted to one another according to a mathematical rela ...
... Modern work on gravitational theory began with the work of Galileo Galilei in the late 16th. In 1687, Isaac Newton published Newton’s law of universal gravitation, which postulates that gravity is a force where two bodies of mass are directly attracted to one another according to a mathematical rela ...
Measuring the Speed of Light: Roemer
... doesn’t match what would be expected using classical electromagnetic waves, energy must be a multiple of an elementary unit E = h ν ...
... doesn’t match what would be expected using classical electromagnetic waves, energy must be a multiple of an elementary unit E = h ν ...
Laser and its applications
... spontaneous emission. This narrowing of the linewidth is shown qualitatively in figure (2). To gain a quantitative appreciation for the monochromaticity of laser light, consider the data in table (1), in which the linewidth of a high quality He-Ne laser is compared to the linewidth of the spectral o ...
... spontaneous emission. This narrowing of the linewidth is shown qualitatively in figure (2). To gain a quantitative appreciation for the monochromaticity of laser light, consider the data in table (1), in which the linewidth of a high quality He-Ne laser is compared to the linewidth of the spectral o ...
The interpretation of the Einstein-Rupp experiments and their
... in the Einstein Archive. Shortly before the appearance of Heisenberg’s article that contained the uncertainty relations, 23 Bohr wrote a letter to Einstein in which he advertised Heisenberg’s results; he did so in the context of Einstein and Rupp’s Grid Experiment (“I would like to add some comment ...
... in the Einstein Archive. Shortly before the appearance of Heisenberg’s article that contained the uncertainty relations, 23 Bohr wrote a letter to Einstein in which he advertised Heisenberg’s results; he did so in the context of Einstein and Rupp’s Grid Experiment (“I would like to add some comment ...
[pdf]
... of f luorophores at or near the surface2; only recently have investigators begun to develop the methods needed to extract the f luorophore lifetime information from deep within heterogeneous turbid media.3 – 7 Diffuse f luorescence in deep tissues has been explored primarily as a means of tumor dete ...
... of f luorophores at or near the surface2; only recently have investigators begun to develop the methods needed to extract the f luorophore lifetime information from deep within heterogeneous turbid media.3 – 7 Diffuse f luorescence in deep tissues has been explored primarily as a means of tumor dete ...
a brief review of the theory of light
... Thomas Young’s sketch of the two-slit experiment showing the diffraction of light. Young’s experiments supported the theory that light consists of waves. The wave theory predicted that light waves could interfere with each other like sound waves (as noted around 1800 by Thomas Young), and that light ...
... Thomas Young’s sketch of the two-slit experiment showing the diffraction of light. Young’s experiments supported the theory that light consists of waves. The wave theory predicted that light waves could interfere with each other like sound waves (as noted around 1800 by Thomas Young), and that light ...
SEARCH FOR HEAVY LEPTONS FROM TIME
... number. He told me that if such a lepton existed with one GeV mass, it would have escaped detection in hadron accelerator experiments for two reasons: i) it would decay with a lifetime of order 10 11 sec and ii) because there is no mechanism for such a heavy new lepton: for its production a t ...
... number. He told me that if such a lepton existed with one GeV mass, it would have escaped detection in hadron accelerator experiments for two reasons: i) it would decay with a lifetime of order 10 11 sec and ii) because there is no mechanism for such a heavy new lepton: for its production a t ...
chapter 2 photons and atoms
... Photon Time A photon in a monochromatic mode is equally likely to be detected at any time. A general expansion may be made in terms of polychromatic modes (timelocalized wavepackets). The probability of detecting the photon described by the complex wavefunction U(r, t), at any position, in the incre ...
... Photon Time A photon in a monochromatic mode is equally likely to be detected at any time. A general expansion may be made in terms of polychromatic modes (timelocalized wavepackets). The probability of detecting the photon described by the complex wavefunction U(r, t), at any position, in the incre ...
World Communicates 07
... identify data sources, gather, process 94. Discuss some of the physical and present information from secondary principles applied in the operation sources to identify areas of current of the GPS. (6M) [P5] research and use the available 95. Describe the effects on society of evidence to discuss so ...
... identify data sources, gather, process 94. Discuss some of the physical and present information from secondary principles applied in the operation sources to identify areas of current of the GPS. (6M) [P5] research and use the available 95. Describe the effects on society of evidence to discuss so ...
Solar Energy, Kit #1:
... enters the instrument and is directed to a thermopile, which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The instrument is always aimed directly at the sun, often via a tracking mechanism that continuously follows the sun. It is sensitive to wavelengths in the band from 280 to 3000 n ...
... enters the instrument and is directed to a thermopile, which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The instrument is always aimed directly at the sun, often via a tracking mechanism that continuously follows the sun. It is sensitive to wavelengths in the band from 280 to 3000 n ...
SolarEnergy_Kit#1 - Institute for School Partnership
... enters the instrument and is directed to a thermopile, which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The instrument is always aimed directly at the sun, often via a tracking mechanism that continuously follows the sun. It is sensitive to wavelengths in the band from 280 to 3000 n ...
... enters the instrument and is directed to a thermopile, which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded. The instrument is always aimed directly at the sun, often via a tracking mechanism that continuously follows the sun. It is sensitive to wavelengths in the band from 280 to 3000 n ...
Quantum Manipulation Using Light-Atom Interaction
... The obtainable spin squeezing improves with the quality of the resonator and the number of atoms. Fig. 4 shows the calculated spin squeezing for a typical atom number (N=2×104) and varying finesse of the resonator. Note that we obtain excellent agreement between the calculation [23] and the experime ...
... The obtainable spin squeezing improves with the quality of the resonator and the number of atoms. Fig. 4 shows the calculated spin squeezing for a typical atom number (N=2×104) and varying finesse of the resonator. Note that we obtain excellent agreement between the calculation [23] and the experime ...
Photon
A photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is the force carrier for the electromagnetic force, even when static via virtual photons. The effects of this force are easily observable at the microscopic and at the macroscopic level, because the photon has zero rest mass; this allows long distance interactions. Like all elementary particles, photons are currently best explained by quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality, exhibiting properties of waves and of particles. For example, a single photon may be refracted by a lens or exhibit wave interference with itself, but also act as a particle giving a definite result when its position is measured. Waves and quanta, being two observable aspects of a single phenomenon cannot have their true nature described in terms of any mechanical model. A representation of this dual property of light, which assumes certain points on the wave front to be the seat of the energy is also impossible. Thus, the quanta in a light wave cannot be spatially localized. Some defined physical parameters of a photon are listed. The modern photon concept was developed gradually by Albert Einstein in the first years of the 20th century to explain experimental observations that did not fit the classical wave model of light. In particular, the photon model accounted for the frequency dependence of light's energy, and explained the ability of matter and radiation to be in thermal equilibrium. It also accounted for anomalous observations, including the properties of black-body radiation, that other physicists, most notably Max Planck, had sought to explain using semiclassical models, in which light is still described by Maxwell's equations, but the material objects that emit and absorb light do so in amounts of energy that are quantized (i.e., they change energy only by certain particular discrete amounts and cannot change energy in any arbitrary way). Although these semiclassical models contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, many further experiments starting with Compton scattering of single photons by electrons, first observed in 1923, validated Einstein's hypothesis that light itself is quantized. In 1926 the optical physicist Frithiof Wolfers and the chemist Gilbert N. Lewis coined the name photon for these particles, and after 1927, when Arthur H. Compton won the Nobel Prize for his scattering studies, most scientists accepted the validity that quanta of light have an independent existence, and the term photon for light quanta was accepted.In the Standard Model of particle physics, photons and other elementary particles are described as a necessary consequence of physical laws having a certain symmetry at every point in spacetime. The intrinsic properties of particles, such as charge, mass and spin, are determined by the properties of this gauge symmetry.The photon concept has led to momentous advances in experimental and theoretical physics, such as lasers, Bose–Einstein condensation, quantum field theory, and the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics. It has been applied to photochemistry, high-resolution microscopy, and measurements of molecular distances. Recently, photons have been studied as elements of quantum computers and for applications in optical imaging and optical communication such as quantum cryptography.