Deformation and Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymer Gels in Electric
... shrinking. An artificial muscle using collagen, which is a typical protein polyelectrolyte, has also been proposed [6]. The kinetics of oscillatory tensile forces in collagen membranes under ac electric fields have been analyzed [7]. Similar shrinking deformation of polyelectrolyte gels induced by a ...
... shrinking. An artificial muscle using collagen, which is a typical protein polyelectrolyte, has also been proposed [6]. The kinetics of oscillatory tensile forces in collagen membranes under ac electric fields have been analyzed [7]. Similar shrinking deformation of polyelectrolyte gels induced by a ...
MODELING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROFABRICATED EMITTERS: IN PURSUIT OF IMPROVED ESI-MS PERFORMANCE
... would not have been achieved without their insightful and constructive ideas. They have been the best advisors I could ever hope to have. Not only are they extraordinarily talented scientists, but more importantly, they are always caring for students and being there to help. I couldn’t express how b ...
... would not have been achieved without their insightful and constructive ideas. They have been the best advisors I could ever hope to have. Not only are they extraordinarily talented scientists, but more importantly, they are always caring for students and being there to help. I couldn’t express how b ...
Stability, Nonlinearity and Reliability of Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Devices
... effectively and utilized optimally. A simplified parallel-plate capacitor model is proposed to investigate the resonance response, inherent nonlinearity, stiffness softened effect and coupled nonlinear effect of the typical electrostatically actuated MEMS devices. Many failure modes and mechanisms a ...
... effectively and utilized optimally. A simplified parallel-plate capacitor model is proposed to investigate the resonance response, inherent nonlinearity, stiffness softened effect and coupled nonlinear effect of the typical electrostatically actuated MEMS devices. Many failure modes and mechanisms a ...
Laboratory studies of waves and instabilities in dusty plasmas
... become a dynamical variable and represent an additional degree of freedom unavailable to a classical plasma. Charged dust particles in a plasma introduce unique potential structures and significantly alter the short and long range forces which can affect the short and long range ordering of the dust ...
... become a dynamical variable and represent an additional degree of freedom unavailable to a classical plasma. Charged dust particles in a plasma introduce unique potential structures and significantly alter the short and long range forces which can affect the short and long range ordering of the dust ...
External Influences 1.3
... water. While effects of surface adsorption typically come to a close within an hour, bulk absorption, although weaker in strength, may extend over days, or even weeks before ending 10). These effects are difficult to quantify, since they depend largely on the design of the weighing cell at hand. In ...
... water. While effects of surface adsorption typically come to a close within an hour, bulk absorption, although weaker in strength, may extend over days, or even weeks before ending 10). These effects are difficult to quantify, since they depend largely on the design of the weighing cell at hand. In ...
Lecture Notes 18: Relativistic Electrodynamics
... We see that the observed line charge densities and as seen in the lab frame IRF(S) and the test charge rest frame IRF(S'), respectively are larger by factors of and respectively compared to the line charge density as observed in the rest frame IRF(S0) of the line charge density itself. T ...
... We see that the observed line charge densities and as seen in the lab frame IRF(S) and the test charge rest frame IRF(S'), respectively are larger by factors of and respectively compared to the line charge density as observed in the rest frame IRF(S0) of the line charge density itself. T ...
Predictive Comparators with Adaptive Control
... other methods), many of the continuous-time predictors that have been developed are based on continuous extensions of discrete-time mathematics [5]. The present implementation of the adaptive comparator uses a most basic first-order predictor. Although synchronous comparators have been designed with ...
... other methods), many of the continuous-time predictors that have been developed are based on continuous extensions of discrete-time mathematics [5]. The present implementation of the adaptive comparator uses a most basic first-order predictor. Although synchronous comparators have been designed with ...
A Model For the Calculation of Solvent ... Reaction Rates for Process Design Purposes
... screen large numbers of molecules in a reasonable time, as well as applicable to a wide range of solvents and reactions and able to provide results that are accurate for process design needs. Solvent effects on reaction rates can be very marked. Reaction rates can vary by several orders of magnitude ...
... screen large numbers of molecules in a reasonable time, as well as applicable to a wide range of solvents and reactions and able to provide results that are accurate for process design needs. Solvent effects on reaction rates can be very marked. Reaction rates can vary by several orders of magnitude ...
A Student`s Guide to Maxwell`s Equations
... The explanations in this book are written in an informal style in which mathematical rigor is maintained only insofar as it doesn’t get in the way of understanding the physics behind Maxwell’s Equations. You’ll find plenty of physical analogies – for example, comparison of the flux of electric and m ...
... The explanations in this book are written in an informal style in which mathematical rigor is maintained only insofar as it doesn’t get in the way of understanding the physics behind Maxwell’s Equations. You’ll find plenty of physical analogies – for example, comparison of the flux of electric and m ...
Modeling of Lightning Exposure of Sharp and Blunt Rods
... the air terminal. In 1918, Nicola Tesla [5] criticized the sharp rod and proposed an umbrella-type air terminal with large conducting boundaries. In 1987, based on high voltage laboratory tests involving positive leaders, G. N. Aleksandrov and G. D. Kadzov [6] also suggested that lightning protectio ...
... the air terminal. In 1918, Nicola Tesla [5] criticized the sharp rod and proposed an umbrella-type air terminal with large conducting boundaries. In 1987, based on high voltage laboratory tests involving positive leaders, G. N. Aleksandrov and G. D. Kadzov [6] also suggested that lightning protectio ...
Oersted`s discovery of electromagnetism
... accept without question the more speculative views not only of Ritter, but also of the Hungarian Jakob Joseph Winterl (1739-1809). This professor of chemistry and botany at the University of Buda believed that he had found compounds which were still more simple than chemical elements and from which ...
... accept without question the more speculative views not only of Ritter, but also of the Hungarian Jakob Joseph Winterl (1739-1809). This professor of chemistry and botany at the University of Buda believed that he had found compounds which were still more simple than chemical elements and from which ...
Electric charge
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative. Positively charged substances are repelled from other positively charged substances, but attracted to negatively charged substances; negatively charged substances are repelled from negative and attracted to positive. An object is negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons, and is otherwise positively charged or uncharged. The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C), although in electrical engineering it is also common to use the ampere-hour (Ah), and in chemistry it is common to use the elementary charge (e) as a unit. The symbol Q is often used to denote charge. The early knowledge of how charged substances interact is now called classical electrodynamics, and is still very accurate if quantum effects do not need to be considered.The electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields. The interaction between a moving charge and an electromagnetic field is the source of the electromagnetic force, which is one of the four fundamental forces (See also: magnetic field).Twentieth-century experiments demonstrated that electric charge is quantized; that is, it comes in integer multiples of individual small units called the elementary charge, e, approximately equal to 6981160200000000000♠1.602×10−19 coulombs (except for particles called quarks, which have charges that are integer multiples of e/3). The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of −e. The study of charged particles, and how their interactions are mediated by photons, is called quantum electrodynamics.