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... Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) global three-dimensional radiative transfer model (RTM). The RTM is a component of the new global atmosphere (AM2) and land surface model (LM2) developed at the GFDL for climate research [GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team, 2004]. The RTM perf ...
... Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) global three-dimensional radiative transfer model (RTM). The RTM is a component of the new global atmosphere (AM2) and land surface model (LM2) developed at the GFDL for climate research [GFDL Global Atmospheric Model Development Team, 2004]. The RTM perf ...
Climate Change in the Caribbean and the Challenge of Adaptation
... temperature5 (since 1850). The total temperature increase between 1850–1899 and 2001–2005 reached 0.76°C. The temperature of the world’s oceans has also been rising, and mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined in both hemispheres. All these phenomena contribute to an average global sea level ...
... temperature5 (since 1850). The total temperature increase between 1850–1899 and 2001–2005 reached 0.76°C. The temperature of the world’s oceans has also been rising, and mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined in both hemispheres. All these phenomena contribute to an average global sea level ...
BASE Evaluation Criteria for Climate Adaptation (BECCA)
... This also means considering the context specificity of adaptation and also policy coherence in the way it is experienced at ‘street’ and/or actor level. Criteria must be chosen based on the relationship between planned adaptation activities and the socio-economic, political, environmental and climat ...
... This also means considering the context specificity of adaptation and also policy coherence in the way it is experienced at ‘street’ and/or actor level. Criteria must be chosen based on the relationship between planned adaptation activities and the socio-economic, political, environmental and climat ...
Equity and Cost-Effectiveness of adaptation funding_CLEAN_woENx
... Among the different multilateral funds that finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries, the Adaptation Fund (AF) stands out because of two reasons: non-governmental funding sources and direct access for developing countries. First, the AF obtains its primary source o ...
... Among the different multilateral funds that finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries, the Adaptation Fund (AF) stands out because of two reasons: non-governmental funding sources and direct access for developing countries. First, the AF obtains its primary source o ...
Saving Kyoto - Graciela Chichilnisky
... forestall global disaster – the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations. The Kyoto Protocol capped the emissions of the main emitters, the industrialized countries, one by one. It also created an innovative new financial mechanism, the carbon market and its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which has ...
... forestall global disaster – the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations. The Kyoto Protocol capped the emissions of the main emitters, the industrialized countries, one by one. It also created an innovative new financial mechanism, the carbon market and its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which has ...
Geoengineering Governance
... Mounting evidence of the seriousness of the climate change problem has prompted increased domestic and international efforts to slow or counter expected changes. The main focus of such efforts has been to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whether through cap-and-trade schemes, vehicle emission st ...
... Mounting evidence of the seriousness of the climate change problem has prompted increased domestic and international efforts to slow or counter expected changes. The main focus of such efforts has been to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whether through cap-and-trade schemes, vehicle emission st ...
Auditing the Government Response to Climate Change: Guidance
... and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. The IPCC also states that it is very likely that global warming is caused by human activity. Climate change is already happening and represents one of the greatest environmental, social and economic thre ...
... and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. The IPCC also states that it is very likely that global warming is caused by human activity. Climate change is already happening and represents one of the greatest environmental, social and economic thre ...
The Fate of the Kyoto Protocol under the Bush Administration
... Protocol must be ratified by at least 55 countries and those 55 countries must2 also represent at least 55 percent of emissions by all industrialized countries.' This renders ratification by large industrial countries like the United States (which is responsible for 25 percent of Annex I emissions) ...
... Protocol must be ratified by at least 55 countries and those 55 countries must2 also represent at least 55 percent of emissions by all industrialized countries.' This renders ratification by large industrial countries like the United States (which is responsible for 25 percent of Annex I emissions) ...
Autonomous Adaptation to Climate Change: A Literature Review*
... Adaptation involves adjustments to enhance the viability of social and economic activities and to reduce their vulnerability to climate, including its current variability and extreme events as well as longer term climate change (Smit, 1993, cited in Smit et al., 2000). The term adaptation means a ...
... Adaptation involves adjustments to enhance the viability of social and economic activities and to reduce their vulnerability to climate, including its current variability and extreme events as well as longer term climate change (Smit, 1993, cited in Smit et al., 2000). The term adaptation means a ...
[full text]
... (23). Although the default emission factors for direct and indirect emissions from fertilizer and manure published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are generally consistent with the global budget of N2O, a key research objective is to find a metric that adequately estimates N2O emissi ...
... (23). Although the default emission factors for direct and indirect emissions from fertilizer and manure published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are generally consistent with the global budget of N2O, a key research objective is to find a metric that adequately estimates N2O emissi ...
United Nations
... • 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning • 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal ...
... • 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning • 13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal ...
REPORT ON ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN IN RESPONSE AND
... the LDCs themselves often need that time to develop their LDCF projects and if a shorter time framework is imposed, the LDCs ask for a deadline extension. Further details on project cycle reforms can be found in GEF/C.39/Inf.3. b) This has already been implemented. MSPs (up to $2M) have 12 months to ...
... the LDCs themselves often need that time to develop their LDCF projects and if a shorter time framework is imposed, the LDCs ask for a deadline extension. Further details on project cycle reforms can be found in GEF/C.39/Inf.3. b) This has already been implemented. MSPs (up to $2M) have 12 months to ...
Discounting China`s CDM Dams
... My proposal is that the CDM should discount hydroelectric projects in China so they receive less credit. More generally, the CDM should be modified so that it distinguishes between rapidly developing countries and the least developed countries, as well as distinguishing between projects that provide ...
... My proposal is that the CDM should discount hydroelectric projects in China so they receive less credit. More generally, the CDM should be modified so that it distinguishes between rapidly developing countries and the least developed countries, as well as distinguishing between projects that provide ...
Zimbabwe and the United Nations Framework Convention on
... together with the increase in international trade, tourism, other trans-boundary interactions – including transport and communications – and common interests in health and safety, has created the need for international institutions and rules to guide and govern these interactions. All countries are ...
... together with the increase in international trade, tourism, other trans-boundary interactions – including transport and communications – and common interests in health and safety, has created the need for international institutions and rules to guide and govern these interactions. All countries are ...
Chapter 18: Inter-Relationships Between Adaptation and
... show what would be the difficulties in adapting to a five-metre rise in sea level in Europe. It is therefore no longer a question of whether to mitigate climate change or to adapt to it. Both adaptation and mitigation are now essential in reducing the expected impacts of climate change on humans and ...
... show what would be the difficulties in adapting to a five-metre rise in sea level in Europe. It is therefore no longer a question of whether to mitigate climate change or to adapt to it. Both adaptation and mitigation are now essential in reducing the expected impacts of climate change on humans and ...
Mitigating climate change through reductions in greenhouse gas emissions: the science and economics of future paths for global annual emissions (1 MB) (opens in new window)
... Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), due to take place in Copenhagen in December 2009, will aim to agree an international framework on climate change policy that will take effect after the first period of Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012, with binding targets for reductions in the ...
... Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), due to take place in Copenhagen in December 2009, will aim to agree an international framework on climate change policy that will take effect after the first period of Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012, with binding targets for reductions in the ...
Mitigating climate change through reductions in greenhouse gas
... Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), due to take place in Copenhagen in December 2009, will aim to agree an international framework on climate change policy that will take effect after the first period of Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012, with binding targets for reductions in the ...
... Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), due to take place in Copenhagen in December 2009, will aim to agree an international framework on climate change policy that will take effect after the first period of Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012, with binding targets for reductions in the ...
VIEW PDF - Virginia Journal of International Law
... classify new international agreements in response to climate change as executive agreements rather than as treaties. Unlike treaties, which require the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, executive agreements are entered into either solely by the president based on previously delegated c ...
... classify new international agreements in response to climate change as executive agreements rather than as treaties. Unlike treaties, which require the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, executive agreements are entered into either solely by the president based on previously delegated c ...
28 REDD+: What should come next?
... Local and sub-national REDD+ projects exist in 47 countries. Most of these are selfdefined and not part of a national REDD+ strategy as such (Simonet et al. 2014). In an in-depth review of 23 initiatives, de Sassi et al. (2014, p. 421) conclude that most projects have served their explorative roles, ...
... Local and sub-national REDD+ projects exist in 47 countries. Most of these are selfdefined and not part of a national REDD+ strategy as such (Simonet et al. 2014). In an in-depth review of 23 initiatives, de Sassi et al. (2014, p. 421) conclude that most projects have served their explorative roles, ...
Land transport`s contribution to a 2°C target
... combination of technological and behavioural measures could decrease final-energy demand in 2050 for urban passenger transport by at least 55% below an IEA defined baseline of a 4o Celsius temperature increase scenario (IEA, 2014). Some of these mitigation measures could be tapped at very low or eve ...
... combination of technological and behavioural measures could decrease final-energy demand in 2050 for urban passenger transport by at least 55% below an IEA defined baseline of a 4o Celsius temperature increase scenario (IEA, 2014). Some of these mitigation measures could be tapped at very low or eve ...
The Emissions Gap Report 2015
... Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and World Resources Institute. Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human ...
... Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and World Resources Institute. Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human ...
2015 Emissions Gap Report
... Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and World Resources Institute. Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human ...
... Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and World Resources Institute. Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human ...
The Emissions Gap Report 2015
... Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and World Resources Institute. Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human ...
... Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and World Resources Institute. Adaptation: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human ...
A Global Response to HFCs through Fair and
... Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are replacements for many of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) currently being phased out under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Unlike those ozone-depleting substances (ODS), HFCs do not destroy the ozone l ...
... Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are replacements for many of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) currently being phased out under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Unlike those ozone-depleting substances (ODS), HFCs do not destroy the ozone l ...