The Spatio-temporal Epidemiology of Bovine Spongiform
... November 1986, and the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic which lasted from February to September 2001. This thesis applies various analytical techniques to these two quite different epidemics: a rapidly spreading highly contagious disease for which urgent decisions are essential (FMD), and a fee ...
... November 1986, and the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic which lasted from February to September 2001. This thesis applies various analytical techniques to these two quite different epidemics: a rapidly spreading highly contagious disease for which urgent decisions are essential (FMD), and a fee ...
Mad Cow Disease
... • To most others, mad cow disease is characterized by the formation of vacuoles (holes) in the animal's brain, giving the brain a "spongy” appearance. As the disease progresses, the animal tremors, displays abnormal and sometimes aggressive behaviors, and then begins to lose muscle control eventuall ...
... • To most others, mad cow disease is characterized by the formation of vacuoles (holes) in the animal's brain, giving the brain a "spongy” appearance. As the disease progresses, the animal tremors, displays abnormal and sometimes aggressive behaviors, and then begins to lose muscle control eventuall ...
CLP MicroTechnologies - University of Colorado Boulder
... Mad Cow scare would have on the U.S. beef industry. These limited cases have resulted in a number of foreign countries banning U.S. beef imports. One example is Japan, who accounted for almost 40% of U.S. beef exports before the Mad Cow scare [1, 2]. As a result, U.S. beef prices have dropped and ha ...
... Mad Cow scare would have on the U.S. beef industry. These limited cases have resulted in a number of foreign countries banning U.S. beef imports. One example is Japan, who accounted for almost 40% of U.S. beef exports before the Mad Cow scare [1, 2]. As a result, U.S. beef prices have dropped and ha ...
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
... Not heavy metal or other poisoning Not a vitamin deficiency Brains full of sponge-like holes and abnormal deposits of protein ...
... Not heavy metal or other poisoning Not a vitamin deficiency Brains full of sponge-like holes and abnormal deposits of protein ...
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
... Peaked in the UK in January 1993 at almost 1000 new cases per week The UK has reported more than 180,000 total cases of BSE and about 1,800 cases have been found elsewhere in the Europe ...
... Peaked in the UK in January 1993 at almost 1000 new cases per week The UK has reported more than 180,000 total cases of BSE and about 1,800 cases have been found elsewhere in the Europe ...
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad cow disease, is a fatal neurodegenerative disease (encephalopathy) in cattle that causes a spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord. BSE has a long incubation period, about 2.5 to 8 years, usually affecting adult cattle at a peak age onset of four to five years, all breeds being equally susceptible. BSE is caused by a misfolded protein--a prion. In the United Kingdom, the country worst affected, more than 180,000 cattle have been infected and 4.4 million slaughtered during the eradication program.The disease may be most easily transmitted to human beings by eating food contaminated with the brain, spinal cord or digestive tract of infected carcasses. However, the infectious agent, although most highly concentrated in nervous tissue, can be found in virtually all tissues throughout the body, including blood. In humans, it is known as new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD or nvCJD), and by June 2014 it had killed 177 people in the United Kingdom, and 52 elsewhere. Between 460,000 and 482,000 BSE-infected animals had entered the human food chain before controls on high-risk offal were introduced in 1989.A British and Irish inquiry into BSE concluded the epizootic was caused by cattle, which are normally herbivores, being fed the remains of other cattle in the form of meat and bone meal (MBM), which caused the infectious agent to spread. The cause of BSE may be from the contamination of MBM from sheep with scrapie that were processed in the same slaughterhouse. The epidemic was probably accelerated by the recycling of infected bovine tissues prior to the recognition of BSE. The origin of the disease itself remains unknown. The infectious agent is distinctive for the high temperatures at which it remains viable, over 600 °C (about 1100 °F). This contributed to the spread of the disease in the United Kingdom, which had reduced the temperatures used during its rendering process. Another contributory factor was the feeding of infected protein supplements to very young calves.