Chemistry IGCSE
... enough so that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by force, as when broken or cut. In crystalline solids, the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are packed in a regular ...
... enough so that the particles cannot move freely but can only vibrate. As a result, a solid has a stable, definite shape, and a definite volume. Solids can only change their shape by force, as when broken or cut. In crystalline solids, the particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are packed in a regular ...
Model for acid-base chemistry in nanoparticle growth (MABNAG)
... this study were di-acids. Thus, the organic acid (H2 A) has two dissociation products (HA− and A2− ), as does sulfuric acid: H2 A → HA− + H+ ...
... this study were di-acids. Thus, the organic acid (H2 A) has two dissociation products (HA− and A2− ), as does sulfuric acid: H2 A → HA− + H+ ...
File
... calculations are made. You may also use the notebook to discuss the results of an experiment and to explain the theories involved. A record of lab work is an important document which will show the quality of the lab work that you have done. You may need to show your notebook and your lab reports to ...
... calculations are made. You may also use the notebook to discuss the results of an experiment and to explain the theories involved. A record of lab work is an important document which will show the quality of the lab work that you have done. You may need to show your notebook and your lab reports to ...
AP Chemistry Lab Manual
... calculations are made. You may also use the notebook to discuss the results of an experiment and to explain the theories involved. A record of lab work is an important document which will show the quality of the lab work that you have done. You may need to show your notebook and your lab reports to ...
... calculations are made. You may also use the notebook to discuss the results of an experiment and to explain the theories involved. A record of lab work is an important document which will show the quality of the lab work that you have done. You may need to show your notebook and your lab reports to ...
Chemistry (SPA)
... Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At that time, there were about 35 known elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between atoms give eleme ...
... Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At that time, there were about 35 known elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between atoms give eleme ...
QUESTION BANK CHEMISTRY-XII THE SOLID STATE CHAPTER
... 38. Why the potential of the mercury cell remains constant throughout the life? 39. What is corrosion 40. How does molar conductivity varies with concentration for weak electrolyte? ...
... 38. Why the potential of the mercury cell remains constant throughout the life? 39. What is corrosion 40. How does molar conductivity varies with concentration for weak electrolyte? ...
Study Guide: Chemistry
... Electron - A particle which carries a negative charge, it is smaller than protons and neutrons Proton - Positively charged particle of an atom which has a mass equal to that of a hydrogen atom Neutron - A subatomic particle with no electric charge and the same mass as a proton Radioactivity - The pr ...
... Electron - A particle which carries a negative charge, it is smaller than protons and neutrons Proton - Positively charged particle of an atom which has a mass equal to that of a hydrogen atom Neutron - A subatomic particle with no electric charge and the same mass as a proton Radioactivity - The pr ...
2 - C7Chemistry
... The coefficients give the relative number of atoms or molecules of each reactant or product … as well as the number of moles. ...
... The coefficients give the relative number of atoms or molecules of each reactant or product … as well as the number of moles. ...
C:\D\Books\Cambridge University Press\CUP Problems\Problems.wpd
... b Calculate the ratio wCOD((C5H7O2N)4(HPO3)5)/wCOD(substrate). c Write the reaction equation for the anaerobic process. d Explain whether the two processes change the alkalinity in the same way. Note: This sub-question 101d belongs to Chapter 5.1. 102. A sample of wastewater contained the mass fract ...
... b Calculate the ratio wCOD((C5H7O2N)4(HPO3)5)/wCOD(substrate). c Write the reaction equation for the anaerobic process. d Explain whether the two processes change the alkalinity in the same way. Note: This sub-question 101d belongs to Chapter 5.1. 102. A sample of wastewater contained the mass fract ...
The First Steps of Chemical Evolution towards the
... 2,000 to 20,000 units for the formation of the higher-organized system, small droplets could be formed as cell precursors. This process would also imply that enzymes developed before the genes, and that the initial catalysts used might be clay minerals or other inorganic substances, eventually also ...
... 2,000 to 20,000 units for the formation of the higher-organized system, small droplets could be formed as cell precursors. This process would also imply that enzymes developed before the genes, and that the initial catalysts used might be clay minerals or other inorganic substances, eventually also ...
Benzylamine reacts with nitrous acid to form unstable
... (i) In decreasing order of basic strength in gas phase: C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N and NH3 (ii) In increasing order of boiling point: C2H5OH, (CH3)2NH, C2H5NH2 (iii) In increasing order of solubility in water: C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2. Ans. (i) The given compounds can be arranged in the decreas ...
... (i) In decreasing order of basic strength in gas phase: C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N and NH3 (ii) In increasing order of boiling point: C2H5OH, (CH3)2NH, C2H5NH2 (iii) In increasing order of solubility in water: C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2. Ans. (i) The given compounds can be arranged in the decreas ...
Glossary - Chemistry (Intro)
... Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Hypotheses about the nature of matter. • Elements are composed of atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical (except for isotopes), having the same size, mass, and chemical properties. Atoms of one element are different from atoms of all other elements. • Compounds are ...
... Dalton’s Atomic Theory: Hypotheses about the nature of matter. • Elements are composed of atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical (except for isotopes), having the same size, mass, and chemical properties. Atoms of one element are different from atoms of all other elements. • Compounds are ...
Chemistry 120
... Water is one of the best solvents as it can dissolve many molecular and ionic substances. ...
... Water is one of the best solvents as it can dissolve many molecular and ionic substances. ...
Unit 2:
... Oxyacids, such as those above, contain an atom bonded to one or more oxygen atoms; one or more of these oxygen atoms may also be bonded to hydrogen. (a) Discuss the factors that are often used to predict correctly the strengths of the oxyacids listed above. ...
... Oxyacids, such as those above, contain an atom bonded to one or more oxygen atoms; one or more of these oxygen atoms may also be bonded to hydrogen. (a) Discuss the factors that are often used to predict correctly the strengths of the oxyacids listed above. ...
Chemistry
... Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At that time, there were about 35 known elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between atoms give eleme ...
... Dalton, revived the term when he suggested that each element was made up of unique atoms and the atoms of an element are all the same. At that time, there were about 35 known elements. This simple model could explain the millions of different materials around us. Differences between atoms give eleme ...
Organic Chemistry/Fourth Edition: e-Text
... acids, acyl chlorides, anhydrides, esters, and amides. Table 20.1 summarizes the stabilizing effects of substituents on carbonyl groups to which they are attached. In addition to a qualitative ranking, quantitative estimates of the relative rates of hydrolysis of the various classes of acyl derivati ...
... acids, acyl chlorides, anhydrides, esters, and amides. Table 20.1 summarizes the stabilizing effects of substituents on carbonyl groups to which they are attached. In addition to a qualitative ranking, quantitative estimates of the relative rates of hydrolysis of the various classes of acyl derivati ...
Descriptive Chemistry for Midterm Exam #2
... Some Reactions: with water to form H2(g) and a strong hydroxide base e.g. 2 K(s) + 2 H2O(l) → H2(g) + 2 KOH(aq) (H reduced from +1 oxidation state to zero by K) with carboxylic acids to form H2(g) and a salt e.g. 2 Na(s) + 2 HC2H3O2(aq) → H2(g) + 2 NaC2H3O2(aq) (H reduced from +1 oxidation state to ...
... Some Reactions: with water to form H2(g) and a strong hydroxide base e.g. 2 K(s) + 2 H2O(l) → H2(g) + 2 KOH(aq) (H reduced from +1 oxidation state to zero by K) with carboxylic acids to form H2(g) and a salt e.g. 2 Na(s) + 2 HC2H3O2(aq) → H2(g) + 2 NaC2H3O2(aq) (H reduced from +1 oxidation state to ...
Prep UK-intro.p65
... International Chemistry Olympiad. We have also endeavoured to apply the IUPAC nomenclature in this collection of problems. For the solutions of physical chemistry problems the units of the equilibrium constant, depending on the particular circumstances, have to be specified. If the constant appears ...
... International Chemistry Olympiad. We have also endeavoured to apply the IUPAC nomenclature in this collection of problems. For the solutions of physical chemistry problems the units of the equilibrium constant, depending on the particular circumstances, have to be specified. If the constant appears ...
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
... NH3(aq) + H2O <=> NH4+ + OHis only 1.8 X 10-5. This means that it mostly exists as NH3(aq) in water. Ammonia is one of the most used chemical in industry. It is mostly used in the production of fertilizers (ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate); manufacture of explosives, plastics, pulp & paper, t ...
... NH3(aq) + H2O <=> NH4+ + OHis only 1.8 X 10-5. This means that it mostly exists as NH3(aq) in water. Ammonia is one of the most used chemical in industry. It is mostly used in the production of fertilizers (ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate); manufacture of explosives, plastics, pulp & paper, t ...
Acid
An acid (from the Latin acidus/acēre meaning sour) is a chemical substance whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. Aqueous solutions of acids have a pH of less than 7. Non-aqueous acids are usually formed when an anion (negative ion) reacts with one or more positively charged hydrogen cations. A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic.There are three common definitions for acids: the Arrhenius definition, the Brønsted-Lowry definition, and the Lewis definition. The Arrhenius definition defines acids as substances which increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), or more accurately, hydronium ions (H3O+), when dissolved in water. The Brønsted-Lowry definition is an expansion: an acid is a substance which can act as a proton donor. By this definition, any compound which can easily be deprotonated can be considered an acid. Examples include alcohols and amines which contain O-H or N-H fragments. A Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond. Examples of Lewis acids include all metal cations, and electron-deficient molecules such as boron trifluoride and aluminium trichloride.Common examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and tartaric acid (a solid used in baking). As these examples show, acids can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from solids, liquids, or gases. Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid.