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Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer
... Emissions from human activities and natural processes represent a large source of chlorine- and brominecontaining gases that enter the stratosphere. When exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, these halogen source gases are converted to more reactive gases containing chlorine and bromine. So ...
... Emissions from human activities and natural processes represent a large source of chlorine- and brominecontaining gases that enter the stratosphere. When exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, these halogen source gases are converted to more reactive gases containing chlorine and bromine. So ...
Report of the Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Biodiversity and
... Populations, species and ecosystems vulnerable to climate change .........................................39 ...
... Populations, species and ecosystems vulnerable to climate change .........................................39 ...
Queensland Climate Change Centre of
... Predictability is a resource in itself but one we tend to overlook or take for granted. The ability to predict a range of likely future scenarios allows us to plan and to manage risk. Were we able to do this in relation to climate we could plan and manage risk in any area of human life influenced by ...
... Predictability is a resource in itself but one we tend to overlook or take for granted. The ability to predict a range of likely future scenarios allows us to plan and to manage risk. Were we able to do this in relation to climate we could plan and manage risk in any area of human life influenced by ...
Risky business: Engaging the public on sea level rise
... proximity on risk perceptions can be mediated by other factors (e.g., nature of the hazard, cultural cognition, spatial scale). Goebbert et al. (2012) found political ideology and cultural worldviews predicted weather perceptions, but measures of actual weather change were only partially predictive ...
... proximity on risk perceptions can be mediated by other factors (e.g., nature of the hazard, cultural cognition, spatial scale). Goebbert et al. (2012) found political ideology and cultural worldviews predicted weather perceptions, but measures of actual weather change were only partially predictive ...
Detection and Attribution of Observed Impacts
... There has been a shift from cold- to heat-related mortality in some regions as a result of warming (medium confidence), but despite many welldocumented sensitivities of human health to other aspects of weather, clear evidence of an additional observed climate change impact on health outcomes is lack ...
... There has been a shift from cold- to heat-related mortality in some regions as a result of warming (medium confidence), but despite many welldocumented sensitivities of human health to other aspects of weather, clear evidence of an additional observed climate change impact on health outcomes is lack ...
IPCC report
... on land from hot deserts to permafrost areas and increasingly at sea. Owing to the private nature and high economic value to the energy sector, they have been designed to higher tolerance levels than most transportation infrastructure. Climate change may require changes in design standards for the c ...
... on land from hot deserts to permafrost areas and increasingly at sea. Owing to the private nature and high economic value to the energy sector, they have been designed to higher tolerance levels than most transportation infrastructure. Climate change may require changes in design standards for the c ...
development and climate change in bangladesh
... on Development and Climate Change. The report is structured around a three-tiered framework. First, recent climate trends and climate change scenarios for Bangladesh are assessed and key sectoral impacts are identified and ranked along multiple indicators to establish priorities for adaptation. Seco ...
... on Development and Climate Change. The report is structured around a three-tiered framework. First, recent climate trends and climate change scenarios for Bangladesh are assessed and key sectoral impacts are identified and ranked along multiple indicators to establish priorities for adaptation. Seco ...
Climate Change and Our Natural Resources A Report from the
... form of calcium carbonate used by marine organisms to form shells): during pre-industrial times (left) and in August to September 2011 (right). Numbers in the squares denote pteropod monitoring stations. Source: modified from Bendaršek et al. 2014........................... 30 Figure 10: California ...
... form of calcium carbonate used by marine organisms to form shells): during pre-industrial times (left) and in August to September 2011 (right). Numbers in the squares denote pteropod monitoring stations. Source: modified from Bendaršek et al. 2014........................... 30 Figure 10: California ...
Linking Climate Change and Fish Conservation Efforts Using
... support model. We used Bayesian networks (BNs) in both examples. Bayesian networks are graphical models that represent probabilistic relationships among a set of variables or nodes and support consistent reasoning based on existing knowledge and uncertainty (Jensen 1996; Marcot et al. 2001; Newton e ...
... support model. We used Bayesian networks (BNs) in both examples. Bayesian networks are graphical models that represent probabilistic relationships among a set of variables or nodes and support consistent reasoning based on existing knowledge and uncertainty (Jensen 1996; Marcot et al. 2001; Newton e ...
ecosystem-based adaptation - Fundação Grupo Boticário de
... The current scenario of climate change raises the need to find ways of mitigating, and adapting to, the negative effects which it provokes. Although mitigation has been emphasized in the international treaties signed in recent decades, in the last few years, adaptation has come to receive greater at ...
... The current scenario of climate change raises the need to find ways of mitigating, and adapting to, the negative effects which it provokes. Although mitigation has been emphasized in the international treaties signed in recent decades, in the last few years, adaptation has come to receive greater at ...
Enabling the Transition report
... biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. ...
... biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. ...
Text (Open Access) - Reading`s CentAUR
... the chemistry of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), model sensitivity studies [Shindell et al., 2009; Stevenson et al., 2013] attribute much of the increase in tropospheric ozone since 1850 to the increase in methane and NOx , with only a minor contribution from NMVOCs. This suggests t ...
... the chemistry of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), model sensitivity studies [Shindell et al., 2009; Stevenson et al., 2013] attribute much of the increase in tropospheric ozone since 1850 to the increase in methane and NOx , with only a minor contribution from NMVOCs. This suggests t ...
Charting A New Low-Carbon Route To Development
... most site-dependent adaptation initiatives (Chapter 3), as well as the formulation of innovative policy development and planning instruments, such as ITCPs, to promote long-term planning and to incorporate climate change considerations into decision-making (Chapter 4). Part II describes possible app ...
... most site-dependent adaptation initiatives (Chapter 3), as well as the formulation of innovative policy development and planning instruments, such as ITCPs, to promote long-term planning and to incorporate climate change considerations into decision-making (Chapter 4). Part II describes possible app ...
FAO - NWP: Climate Related Risks and Extreme Events 2007 (pp.3-10)
... ! Strengthening local capacities and coping mechanisms through guiding the choice of agricultural practices, technologies and support services, to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience. The Committee on Agriculture (COAG) in 2001 stressed the need for the Organization to continue to be a neutr ...
... ! Strengthening local capacities and coping mechanisms through guiding the choice of agricultural practices, technologies and support services, to reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience. The Committee on Agriculture (COAG) in 2001 stressed the need for the Organization to continue to be a neutr ...
Climate change reduces warming potential of nitrous oxide by an
... Due to the long lifetime of N2O, we choose a time horizon of H = 100 years for integrating the radiative forcing. For this time horizon we calculate a N2O GWP of 290 ± 2 CO2-equivalents for the CTRL simulation. This value is similar to the currently assumed present-day N2O GWP of 298 CO2-equivalents ...
... Due to the long lifetime of N2O, we choose a time horizon of H = 100 years for integrating the radiative forcing. For this time horizon we calculate a N2O GWP of 290 ± 2 CO2-equivalents for the CTRL simulation. This value is similar to the currently assumed present-day N2O GWP of 298 CO2-equivalents ...
Ambiguity and climate policy
... model of decision under ambiguity, analyze its basic properties, and derive a new and quite general condition that allows us to perform comparative statics. This condition is sufficient for an increase in ambiguity aversion to increase optimal abatement, or conversely, to decrease it. We then extend ...
... model of decision under ambiguity, analyze its basic properties, and derive a new and quite general condition that allows us to perform comparative statics. This condition is sufficient for an increase in ambiguity aversion to increase optimal abatement, or conversely, to decrease it. We then extend ...
2007-2012 Hadley Centre Climate Programme
... Climate Projections were released in 1998, with major updates in 2002 and 2009 providing greater detail and eventually risk based information. The quality of the MOHC outputs have been assessed in numerous ways during the 2007-2012 period. In addition to an annual review by its Science Review Group ...
... Climate Projections were released in 1998, with major updates in 2002 and 2009 providing greater detail and eventually risk based information. The quality of the MOHC outputs have been assessed in numerous ways during the 2007-2012 period. In addition to an annual review by its Science Review Group ...
Climate change: impacts and adaptation for agriculture in Western
... greenhouse gas concentrations, are contributing to these changes by altering the global energy budget and climate. The peer reviewed, scientific literature indicates a consensus understanding that unless global efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases are rapidly and greatly increased, the ...
... greenhouse gas concentrations, are contributing to these changes by altering the global energy budget and climate. The peer reviewed, scientific literature indicates a consensus understanding that unless global efforts to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases are rapidly and greatly increased, the ...
solas 2015-2025 - Surface Ocean
... To achieve quantitative understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and the atmosphere, and of how this coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change. The SOLAS project is unique in connecting the biogeochemical-physical ...
... To achieve quantitative understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and the atmosphere, and of how this coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change. The SOLAS project is unique in connecting the biogeochemical-physical ...
Future Changes in Drought Characteristics over Southern South
... The impact of climate change on drought main characteristics was assessed over Southern South America. This was done through the precipitation outputs from a multi-model ensemble of 15 climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The Standardized Precipitation Index w ...
... The impact of climate change on drought main characteristics was assessed over Southern South America. This was done through the precipitation outputs from a multi-model ensemble of 15 climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The Standardized Precipitation Index w ...
A negative feedback between anthropogenic ozone pollution and
... Abstract. Naturally emitted from the oceans, iodine compounds efficiently destroy atmospheric ozone and reduce its positive radiative forcing effects in the troposphere. Emissions of inorganic iodine have been experimentally shown to depend on the deposition to the oceans of tropospheric ozone, whos ...
... Abstract. Naturally emitted from the oceans, iodine compounds efficiently destroy atmospheric ozone and reduce its positive radiative forcing effects in the troposphere. Emissions of inorganic iodine have been experimentally shown to depend on the deposition to the oceans of tropospheric ozone, whos ...
Air Quality and Climate Connections - Lamont
... sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight (e.g., sulfates) and interacts with clouds; these radiative and microphysical interactions can induce changes in precipitation and regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected to degrade air quality in many polluted regions b ...
... sunlight (e.g., black carbon) or cools by scattering sunlight (e.g., sulfates) and interacts with clouds; these radiative and microphysical interactions can induce changes in precipitation and regional circulation patterns. Climate change is expected to degrade air quality in many polluted regions b ...
PDF
... of sea level rise. Furthermore mitigation and adaptation need to be traded off as more mitigation will lead to less free resources for adaptation. This paper finds that investments increase over time. Tol (forthcoming) also points out that a too high level of abatement may actually have adverse effe ...
... of sea level rise. Furthermore mitigation and adaptation need to be traded off as more mitigation will lead to less free resources for adaptation. This paper finds that investments increase over time. Tol (forthcoming) also points out that a too high level of abatement may actually have adverse effe ...
Comparison of Climate Change Adaptation CRS Report for Congress
... Congress is currently considering major legislation related to climate change. Climate change responses have typically been categorized into two broad types: mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation measures attempt to slow down the occurrence of climate change by, for example, reducing greenhouse gas ...
... Congress is currently considering major legislation related to climate change. Climate change responses have typically been categorized into two broad types: mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation measures attempt to slow down the occurrence of climate change by, for example, reducing greenhouse gas ...
Governing Climate Change: Towards a New Paradigm for Risk
... The communication tools vary, ranging from commands to incentives to ethicsbased encouragements. Control options, in turn, run the gamut from decisions to ‘wait and see’, requests for further data production and/or advanced assessment, to information disclosure requirements, monitoring provisions, s ...
... The communication tools vary, ranging from commands to incentives to ethicsbased encouragements. Control options, in turn, run the gamut from decisions to ‘wait and see’, requests for further data production and/or advanced assessment, to information disclosure requirements, monitoring provisions, s ...
Fred Singer
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/S_Fred_Singer_2011.jpg?width=300)
Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia. Singer trained as an atmospheric physicist and is known for his work in space research, atmospheric pollution, rocket and satellite technology, his questioning of the link between UV-B and melanoma rates, and that between CFCs and stratospheric ozone loss, his public denial of the health risks of passive smoking, and as an advocate for climate change denial. He is the author or editor of several books including Global Effects of Environmental Pollution (1970), The Ocean in Human Affairs (1989), Global Climate Change (1989), The Greenhouse Debate Continued (1992), and Hot Talk, Cold Science (1997). He has also co-authored Unstoppable Global Warming: Every 1,500 Years (2007) with Dennis Avery, and Climate Change Reconsidered (2009) with Craig Idso.Singer has had a varied career, serving in the armed forces, government, and academia. He designed mines for the U.S. Navy during World War II, before obtaining his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University in 1948 and working as a scientific liaison officer in the U.S. Embassy in London. He became a leading figure in early space research, was involved in the development of earth observation satellites, and in 1962 established the National Weather Bureau's Satellite Service Center. He was the founding dean of the University of Miami School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences in 1964, and held several government positions, including deputy assistant administrator for the Environmental Protection Agency, and chief scientist for the Department of Transportation. He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.In 1990 Singer founded the Science & Environmental Policy Project to advocate for climate change denial, and in 2006 was named by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as one of a minority of scientists said to be creating a stand-off on a consensus on climate change. Singer argues there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.He is an opponent of the Kyoto Protocol, and has claimed climate models as not based on reality, and not evidence. Singer has been accused of rejecting peer-reviewed and independently confirmed scientific evidence in his claims concerning public health and environmental issues.