Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide
... things such as wood or fossil fuels (oil, coal or natural gas) are burned, the carbon combines with oxygen to form CO2 that is released into the atmosphere. People have thrown the natural carbon cycle out of balance by burning fossil fuels. More CO2 is now entering the atmosphere than can be natural ...
... things such as wood or fossil fuels (oil, coal or natural gas) are burned, the carbon combines with oxygen to form CO2 that is released into the atmosphere. People have thrown the natural carbon cycle out of balance by burning fossil fuels. More CO2 is now entering the atmosphere than can be natural ...
CSIRO_PHILCCAP_Report_FNL
... surface air temperature is virtually certain, and proportional to the greenhouse gas emissions. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2013) indicated that the projected temperature increases derived from the CMIP5 model simulations for 2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005 are likely be in the range of ...
... surface air temperature is virtually certain, and proportional to the greenhouse gas emissions. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2013) indicated that the projected temperature increases derived from the CMIP5 model simulations for 2081–2100 relative to 1986–2005 are likely be in the range of ...
reducing australia`s greenhouse gas emissions— targets and
... A number of government departments and public agencies have supported the work of the Authority during the course of the Review. They include: the Department of the Environment, the Treasury, the Australian Energy Markets Commission, the Australian Energy Market Operator, the Australian Embassy in C ...
... A number of government departments and public agencies have supported the work of the Authority during the course of the Review. They include: the Department of the Environment, the Treasury, the Australian Energy Markets Commission, the Australian Energy Market Operator, the Australian Embassy in C ...
2014 Assessment in pdf - Ozone Secretariat
... U.S. Global Change Research Program. Participation by Prof. Kleareti Tourpali was supported by the project SOLID (FP7-SPACE-2012-313188). Participation by Dr Kevin Rose was supported by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WI DNR) and the North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecological Research ...
... U.S. Global Change Research Program. Participation by Prof. Kleareti Tourpali was supported by the project SOLID (FP7-SPACE-2012-313188). Participation by Dr Kevin Rose was supported by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WI DNR) and the North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecological Research ...
English - unfccc
... impacts of climate change. With its small population, economic size and industrial base, it is one of the countries that contributes least to the emissions of greenhouse gases. However with increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, cyclones, floods and drou ...
... impacts of climate change. With its small population, economic size and industrial base, it is one of the countries that contributes least to the emissions of greenhouse gases. However with increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, cyclones, floods and drou ...
ozone pollution - the ICP Vegetation
... water cycle. In JULES, the plant damage due to ozone directly reduces plant photosynthesis, and thereby indirectly, leaf stomatal conductance. With elevated near surface ozone levels, the model simulates decreased plant productivity, and as less CO2 is required for photosynthesis, reduced stomatal c ...
... water cycle. In JULES, the plant damage due to ozone directly reduces plant photosynthesis, and thereby indirectly, leaf stomatal conductance. With elevated near surface ozone levels, the model simulates decreased plant productivity, and as less CO2 is required for photosynthesis, reduced stomatal c ...
Technical Reference Guide for World Climate Negotiations Model
... The purpose of the C-ROADS (Climate-Rapid Overview and Decision Support) simulator is to improve public and decision-maker understanding of the long-term implications of possible greenhouse gas emissions futures by allowing access to a rigorous – but rapid and user-friendly – computer simulation of ...
... The purpose of the C-ROADS (Climate-Rapid Overview and Decision Support) simulator is to improve public and decision-maker understanding of the long-term implications of possible greenhouse gas emissions futures by allowing access to a rigorous – but rapid and user-friendly – computer simulation of ...
Radiative Forcing of Climate Change
... the climate system. In particular, IPCC (1990, 1992, 1994) and the Second Assessment Report (IPCC, 1996) (hereafter SAR) used the following definition for the radiative forcing of the climate system: “The radiative forcing of the surface-troposphere system due to the perturbation in or the introduct ...
... the climate system. In particular, IPCC (1990, 1992, 1994) and the Second Assessment Report (IPCC, 1996) (hereafter SAR) used the following definition for the radiative forcing of the climate system: “The radiative forcing of the surface-troposphere system due to the perturbation in or the introduct ...
the climate crisis: national security, public health, and economic
... global warming is already causing tens of thousands of deaths annually in the developing world and poses a serious threat to public health here at home. Our economy is also in grave danger. If left unchecked, global warming will cost the United States trillions of dollars in coming years. Recent stu ...
... global warming is already causing tens of thousands of deaths annually in the developing world and poses a serious threat to public health here at home. Our economy is also in grave danger. If left unchecked, global warming will cost the United States trillions of dollars in coming years. Recent stu ...
An investigation of the pattern scaling technique for describing future
... subsequently developed into the form we have described. It has been widely used in the 1990s in climate impact assessments, but it has not received the close scrutiny that such a pivotal technique demands. We attempt to provide such an examination in this thesis. After reviewing the relevant literat ...
... subsequently developed into the form we have described. It has been widely used in the 1990s in climate impact assessments, but it has not received the close scrutiny that such a pivotal technique demands. We attempt to provide such an examination in this thesis. After reviewing the relevant literat ...
Policy Implications of Warming Permafrost
... CO2 equivalent by 2100 and 246 to 415 Gt of CO2 equivalent by 2200. Uncertainties are large, but emissions from thawing permafrost could start within the next few decades and continue for several centuries, influencing both short-term climate (before 2100) and long-term climate (after 2100). Below a ...
... CO2 equivalent by 2100 and 246 to 415 Gt of CO2 equivalent by 2200. Uncertainties are large, but emissions from thawing permafrost could start within the next few decades and continue for several centuries, influencing both short-term climate (before 2100) and long-term climate (after 2100). Below a ...
Impact of two different types of El Niño events on runoff over the
... al., 2008; Lettenmaier et al., 1994; Petrone et al., 2010; Piao et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2010). These climate-induced changes can, sometimes, result in diverse impacts and risks on regional hydrology and water resources (Field et al., 2014). In fact, shifts in runoff patterns have been observed in m ...
... al., 2008; Lettenmaier et al., 1994; Petrone et al., 2010; Piao et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2010). These climate-induced changes can, sometimes, result in diverse impacts and risks on regional hydrology and water resources (Field et al., 2014). In fact, shifts in runoff patterns have been observed in m ...
A new approach to mapping permafrost and change incorporating
... especiallyopticalimages, only contain information about vegetation and near-surface conditions. Therefore ground conditions within a land cover type developed by satellite images can vary substantially. For example, hollows and hummocks are common at local scales and there are also topographically c ...
... especiallyopticalimages, only contain information about vegetation and near-surface conditions. Therefore ground conditions within a land cover type developed by satellite images can vary substantially. For example, hollows and hummocks are common at local scales and there are also topographically c ...
Nuestro Mundo A Martiano Exploration of the
... essence the ideas put forward come from a single question: If humans can change the planet in such a way that it threatens the possibility of human life on Earth what does this mean for the place of humans on Earth? It is this question, which the every chapter hereafter works to answer. Establishing ...
... essence the ideas put forward come from a single question: If humans can change the planet in such a way that it threatens the possibility of human life on Earth what does this mean for the place of humans on Earth? It is this question, which the every chapter hereafter works to answer. Establishing ...
Camels and Climate Resilience: Adaptation in Northern Kenya
... In 2012, many of the people discussed in this paper were living in settlements, but livestock keeping was still important to their livelihoods and their identity (see also Adano and Witsenburg 2008). Households continued to split their animals into different herds for grazing by species (small stock ...
... In 2012, many of the people discussed in this paper were living in settlements, but livestock keeping was still important to their livelihoods and their identity (see also Adano and Witsenburg 2008). Households continued to split their animals into different herds for grazing by species (small stock ...
Ch7 Pre-Release - Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
... The climate of the Arctic is largely determined by the relatively low solar angles with respect to the earth. Differences in photoperiod between summer and winter become more extreme toward the north. Beyond the Arctic Circle, the sun remains above the horizon at midnight on midsummer’s day and rema ...
... The climate of the Arctic is largely determined by the relatively low solar angles with respect to the earth. Differences in photoperiod between summer and winter become more extreme toward the north. Beyond the Arctic Circle, the sun remains above the horizon at midnight on midsummer’s day and rema ...
Compendium of Yukon Climate Change Science
... Abstract: This article reviews the historical, instrumental, and future changes in climate for the northern latitudes of Canada. Discussion of historical climate over the last 10 000 years focuses on major climatic shifts, including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, and how these chan ...
... Abstract: This article reviews the historical, instrumental, and future changes in climate for the northern latitudes of Canada. Discussion of historical climate over the last 10 000 years focuses on major climatic shifts, including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, and how these chan ...
KPMG International | KPMG | BQ
... been analyzed to identify the changes that will have the greatest effects on business. The result is a set of ten global sustainability megaforces that we believe will impact every business over the next two decades. They are: • Climate Change: the one global megaforce that directly impacts all oth ...
... been analyzed to identify the changes that will have the greatest effects on business. The result is a set of ten global sustainability megaforces that we believe will impact every business over the next two decades. They are: • Climate Change: the one global megaforce that directly impacts all oth ...
PDF
... 3.1 Restriction on the level of adaptation costs First of all, the amount of dollars that are spent on adaptation may be above or below what is optimal. For example lack of funding can form a significant barrier to adaptation. In this case the amount one can spend to avoid gross damages is limited. ...
... 3.1 Restriction on the level of adaptation costs First of all, the amount of dollars that are spent on adaptation may be above or below what is optimal. For example lack of funding can form a significant barrier to adaptation. In this case the amount one can spend to avoid gross damages is limited. ...
Estimation of the direct radiative forcing due to sulfate and soot
... depth in two different ways: (i) through increase in the size of the particles which reduce the specific extinction coefficient, and (ii) through increase in the mass of water, which dominates over (i). The asymmetry factor increases with increasing relative humidity. This means that the larger part ...
... depth in two different ways: (i) through increase in the size of the particles which reduce the specific extinction coefficient, and (ii) through increase in the mass of water, which dominates over (i). The asymmetry factor increases with increasing relative humidity. This means that the larger part ...
Government Coastal Planning Responses to Rising Sea
... The aim of this report is to provide a general overview of the state of government coastal planning responses to the challenges posed by rising sea levels. Whilst a few international jurisdictions have been included to provide a point of contrast, the report predominantly focuses upon Australian gov ...
... The aim of this report is to provide a general overview of the state of government coastal planning responses to the challenges posed by rising sea levels. Whilst a few international jurisdictions have been included to provide a point of contrast, the report predominantly focuses upon Australian gov ...
The Role of New Media in Protest Organisation
... goal was agreed upon (Vaughn & Adam, 2009). Yet the global problem of climate change affects every citizen on this planet. Numerous non-governmental organisations (NGOs), as well as governmental organisations, are therefore fighting to keep temperature rise to a minimum, but as becomes apparent with ...
... goal was agreed upon (Vaughn & Adam, 2009). Yet the global problem of climate change affects every citizen on this planet. Numerous non-governmental organisations (NGOs), as well as governmental organisations, are therefore fighting to keep temperature rise to a minimum, but as becomes apparent with ...
DISASTER-RELATED DISpLACEMENT RISK
... reduced whereas the occurrence of hazards has remained largely unchanged. • Climate change may increase displacement risk in the future in at least two ways: first, by increasing the frequency and intensity of some weather-related hazards; and second by increasing certain communities’ vulnerability ...
... reduced whereas the occurrence of hazards has remained largely unchanged. • Climate change may increase displacement risk in the future in at least two ways: first, by increasing the frequency and intensity of some weather-related hazards; and second by increasing certain communities’ vulnerability ...
the transcript of the APS climate change statement review workshop
... space, which is part of NYU’s Center for ...
... space, which is part of NYU’s Center for ...
2016 UNEP Background Guide - National Model United Nations
... 1972.6 Six months later, in December 1972, the GA adopted resolution 2997 (XXVII), which established UNEP as the official body concerned with environmental issues of the UN. 7 Since that time, UNEP has played a significant role in coordinating environmental policy for various UN agencies. UNEP helpe ...
... 1972.6 Six months later, in December 1972, the GA adopted resolution 2997 (XXVII), which established UNEP as the official body concerned with environmental issues of the UN. 7 Since that time, UNEP has played a significant role in coordinating environmental policy for various UN agencies. UNEP helpe ...
Politics of global warming
The politics of global warming are complex due to numerous factors that arise from the global economy's interdependence on carbon dioxide emitting hydrocarbon energy sources and because carbon dioxide is directly implicated in global warming - making global warming a non-traditional environmental challenge:Implications to all aspects of a nation-state's economy - The vast majority of the world economy relies on energy sources or manufacturing techniques that release greenhouse gases at almost every stage of production, transportation, storage, delivery & disposal while a consensus of the world's scientists attribute global warming to the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. This intimate linkage between global warming and economic vitality implicates almost every aspect of a nation-state's economy; Perceived lack of adequate advanced energy technologies - Fossil fuel abundance and low prices continue to put pressure on the development of adequate advanced energy technologies that can realistically replace the role of fossil fuels - as of 2010, over 91% of the worlds energy is derived from fossil fuels and non carbon-neutral technologies. Developing countries do not have cost effective access to the advanced energy technologies that they need for development (most advanced technologies has been developed by and exist in the developed world). Without adequate and cost effective post-hydrocarbon energy sources, it is unlikely the countries of the developed or developing world would accept policies that would materially affect their economic vitality or economic development prospects;Industrialization of the developing world - As developing nations industrialize their energy needs increase and since conventional energy sources produce carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide emissions of developing countries are beginning to rise at a time when the scientific community, global governance institutions and advocacy groups are telling the world that carbon dioxide emissions should be decreasing. Without access to cost effective and abundant energy sources many developing countries see climate change as a hindrance to their unfettered economic development;Metric selection (transparency) and perceived responsibility / ability to respond - Among the countries of the world, disagreements exist over which greenhouse gas emission metrics should be used like total emissions per year, per capita emissions per year, CO2 emissions only, deforestation emissions, livestock emissions or even total historical emissions. Historically, the release of carbon dioxide has not been historically even among all nation-states and nation-states have challenges with determining who should restrict emissions and at what point of their industrial development they should be subject to such commitments;Vulnerable developing countries and developed country legacy emissions - Some developing nations blame the developed world for having created the global warming crisis because it was the developed countries that emitted most of the carbon dioxide over the twentieth century and vulnerable countries perceive that it should be the developed countries that should pay to address the challenge;Consensus-driven global governance models - The global governance institutions that evolved during the 20th century are all consensus driven deliberative forums where agreement is difficult to achieve and even when agreement is achieved it is almost impossible to enforce;Well organized and funded special-interest lobbying bodies - Special interest lobbying by well organized groups distort and amplify aspects of the challenge (environmental lobbying, energy industry lobbying, other special interest lobbying);Politicization of climate science - Although there is a consensus on the science of global warming and its likely effects - some special interests groups work to suppress the consensus while others work to amplify the alarm of global warming. All parties that engage in such acts add to the politicization of the science of global warming. The result is a clouding of the reality of the global warming problem.The focus areas for global warming politics are Adaptation, Mitigation, Finance, Technology and Losses which are well quantified and studied but the urgency of the global warming challenge combined with the implication to almost every facet of a nation-state's economic interests places significant burdens on the established largely-voluntary global institutions that have developed over the last century; institutions that have been unable to effectively reshape themselves and move fast enough to deal with this unique challenge. Rapidly developing countries who see traditional energy sources as a means to fuel their development, well funded aggressive environmental lobbying groups and an established fossil fuel energy paradigm boasting a mature and sophisticated political lobbying infrastructure all combine to make global warming politics extremely polarized. Distrust between developed and developing countries at most international conferences that seek to address the topic add to the challenges. Further adding to the complexity is the advent of the Internet and the development of media technologies like blogs and other mechanisms for disseminating information that enable the exponential growth in production and dissemination of competing points of view which make it nearly impossible for the development and dissemination of an objective view into the enormity of the subject matter and its politics.