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... benefits. It is through this explicit balancing that cost-benefit analysis is able to provide both a greenhouse gas goal and a mechanism by which to choose among approaches to attain the goal. In contrast to cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis takes the goal as given and focuses on th ...
... benefits. It is through this explicit balancing that cost-benefit analysis is able to provide both a greenhouse gas goal and a mechanism by which to choose among approaches to attain the goal. In contrast to cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis takes the goal as given and focuses on th ...
Palutikof
... • Submissions of literature and/or text can be made to the appropriate CLA, the Co-Chairs or the TSU, for consideration IPCC Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability ...
... • Submissions of literature and/or text can be made to the appropriate CLA, the Co-Chairs or the TSU, for consideration IPCC Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability ...
The role of ocean transport in the uptake of
... of CO2 from the atmosphere, the ocean uptake plays an important role. On timescales from decades to centuries, the amount of anthropogenic CO2 absorbed by the ocean, together with that absorbed by the terrestrial biosphere, determines CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. On millennial timescale, an ...
... of CO2 from the atmosphere, the ocean uptake plays an important role. On timescales from decades to centuries, the amount of anthropogenic CO2 absorbed by the ocean, together with that absorbed by the terrestrial biosphere, determines CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. On millennial timescale, an ...
Climate change and the impact of aerosol
... Aerosol particles affect the climate directly by scattering and absorbing of solar radiation and indirectly by modifying the properties of clouds. Black carbon causes warming, whereas all other aerosol causes cooling. The short lifetime of aerosols (days/weeks) means that their effects are more regi ...
... Aerosol particles affect the climate directly by scattering and absorbing of solar radiation and indirectly by modifying the properties of clouds. Black carbon causes warming, whereas all other aerosol causes cooling. The short lifetime of aerosols (days/weeks) means that their effects are more regi ...
Revisiting the Earth`s sea‐level and energy budgets from 1961
... thus reducing confidence in the sea‐level projections. Domingues et al. [2008], and more recently Moore et al. [2011], made significant progress in closing the sea‐level budget from 1961 to 2003. However, to do so, they had to estimate multi‐decadal trends for the ice sheets, rather than use observe ...
... thus reducing confidence in the sea‐level projections. Domingues et al. [2008], and more recently Moore et al. [2011], made significant progress in closing the sea‐level budget from 1961 to 2003. However, to do so, they had to estimate multi‐decadal trends for the ice sheets, rather than use observe ...
Climate change and geomorphological hazards in the eastern
... accurate monitoring and modelling of alpine geomorphological processes and hazard risk mapping in order to minimize potential impacts on human activity within sensitive alpine landscapes. Future climate change can be predicted by global climate models (GCMs), but the downscaled results from differen ...
... accurate monitoring and modelling of alpine geomorphological processes and hazard risk mapping in order to minimize potential impacts on human activity within sensitive alpine landscapes. Future climate change can be predicted by global climate models (GCMs), but the downscaled results from differen ...
Under New Management - Forum for the Future
... hostile use, but allowed for further research for peaceful purposes. We have, of course, already altered the Earth’s climate – but only by accident, as an unexpected side effect of our efforts at advancement. Now that this accident is ...
... hostile use, but allowed for further research for peaceful purposes. We have, of course, already altered the Earth’s climate – but only by accident, as an unexpected side effect of our efforts at advancement. Now that this accident is ...
Numerical simulation of chemotactic bacteria aggregation via mixed
... from the mixed formulation. Local time steps are closely connected with the penalty functions in the framework of Augmented Lagrangian techniques. Special features of such an approach are relative simplicity and ease of implementation of model extensions. It is easy to add one equation to the system ...
... from the mixed formulation. Local time steps are closely connected with the penalty functions in the framework of Augmented Lagrangian techniques. Special features of such an approach are relative simplicity and ease of implementation of model extensions. It is easy to add one equation to the system ...
PDF - Climate Diplomacy
... nearly 60 % of peer-reviewed articles on climate and conflict published in major research journals since 2007 (Ide 2017). The same survey also notes a bias towards statistical analyses in climate-conflict research, with qualitative research methods often being seen as ‘mere supportive tools’ (Ide 20 ...
... nearly 60 % of peer-reviewed articles on climate and conflict published in major research journals since 2007 (Ide 2017). The same survey also notes a bias towards statistical analyses in climate-conflict research, with qualitative research methods often being seen as ‘mere supportive tools’ (Ide 20 ...
Costs and Benefits of Thermoregulation Revisited: Both the
... animal can obtain the energy needed to survive and reproduce. By aggregating estimates of fitness across a landscape, one arrives at a predicted distribution for the species. Despite their sophistication, these models fail to represent thermal heterogeneity on the scale of the organism (Sears et al. ...
... animal can obtain the energy needed to survive and reproduce. By aggregating estimates of fitness across a landscape, one arrives at a predicted distribution for the species. Despite their sophistication, these models fail to represent thermal heterogeneity on the scale of the organism (Sears et al. ...
A Strategy Towards Climate Change
... climate change that are largely caused by human activity. We, the four Dublin local authorities (DLAs) – Dublin City Council, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council, Fingal County Council and South Dublin County Council - recognise that this is not an easy challenge. Similarly, we acknowledge that un ...
... climate change that are largely caused by human activity. We, the four Dublin local authorities (DLAs) – Dublin City Council, Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council, Fingal County Council and South Dublin County Council - recognise that this is not an easy challenge. Similarly, we acknowledge that un ...
ILS 251 - Integrated Liberal Studies
... What we know about the solar system: Empiricism, Induction, and National Observation Discussion of Reading ...
... What we know about the solar system: Empiricism, Induction, and National Observation Discussion of Reading ...
Climate Change Adaptation in the Water Sector
... concluded that "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in greenhouse gas concentrations" via the greenhouse effect. Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface te ...
... concluded that "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in greenhouse gas concentrations" via the greenhouse effect. Climate model projections summarized by the IPCC indicate that average global surface te ...
Global Change Grand Challenge National Research Plan
... One way of considering human history in broad terms is as a series of social-ecological regimes, each with its own characteristic interactions with the environment, technologies and ecological effects. Hunter-gatherers depended on plants and animal meat, developed basic weapons, and used fire to con ...
... One way of considering human history in broad terms is as a series of social-ecological regimes, each with its own characteristic interactions with the environment, technologies and ecological effects. Hunter-gatherers depended on plants and animal meat, developed basic weapons, and used fire to con ...
Statistical methods for the analysis of simulated and observed
... stimulate their implementation by decision-makers in politics, administration, economy and society. Global and regional climate projections have been calculated as part of the IPCC process but also for national and international projects. The calculated time period covers more than 140 years ranging ...
... stimulate their implementation by decision-makers in politics, administration, economy and society. Global and regional climate projections have been calculated as part of the IPCC process but also for national and international projects. The calculated time period covers more than 140 years ranging ...
Water resources trends in Middle East and North Africa towards 2050
... are expected and water is a crucial constraint. The FAO study estimates that 58 % of the renewable water resources in the MENA will be used for food production by 2030 and farfetching efficiency measures are required. The World Bank study “Making the Most of Scarcity: accountability for Better Water ...
... are expected and water is a crucial constraint. The FAO study estimates that 58 % of the renewable water resources in the MENA will be used for food production by 2030 and farfetching efficiency measures are required. The World Bank study “Making the Most of Scarcity: accountability for Better Water ...
Biodiversity and biomes under climatic change
... functional trade-offs, including eco-physiological processes such as water uptake, photosynthesis, allocation, reproduction and phenology. We apply JeDi to quantify biodiversity changes and biome shifts between present-day and a range of possible future climates from two scenarios (A2 and B1) and se ...
... functional trade-offs, including eco-physiological processes such as water uptake, photosynthesis, allocation, reproduction and phenology. We apply JeDi to quantify biodiversity changes and biome shifts between present-day and a range of possible future climates from two scenarios (A2 and B1) and se ...
An Introduction to the Science of Climate Change
... such as the burning of fossil fuels and to land use practices such as deforestation (IPCC, 2001). There is high confidence in available data (67-95% confidence rate by IPCC, 2001) that recent increases in regional temperatures have already started to affect many global physical and biological system ...
... such as the burning of fossil fuels and to land use practices such as deforestation (IPCC, 2001). There is high confidence in available data (67-95% confidence rate by IPCC, 2001) that recent increases in regional temperatures have already started to affect many global physical and biological system ...
a draft strategy towards climate change action plans for
... A DRAFT Strategy towards Climate Change Action Plans ...
... A DRAFT Strategy towards Climate Change Action Plans ...
Seasonal trends and temperature dependence of the snowfall
... greater, during that season. The decrease in SD/PD was clearly greater at lower elevations, i.e., at locations with temperatures closer to the melting point, with a threshold corresponding to baseline temperatures of −2.7°C ± 0.8°C in winter and −3.8°C ± 0.6°C in spring. Above these thresholds, the ...
... greater, during that season. The decrease in SD/PD was clearly greater at lower elevations, i.e., at locations with temperatures closer to the melting point, with a threshold corresponding to baseline temperatures of −2.7°C ± 0.8°C in winter and −3.8°C ± 0.6°C in spring. Above these thresholds, the ...
Yesterday`s dinner, tomorrow`s weather, today`s news? US
... change. From among the media sources, newspapers were chosen for their broad readership, policy impact and role as a source of record. The study aimed to: 1. Describe ‘food and climate change’ (FCC) coverage – time trends; newspapers; level of focus on food and agriculture; and type of article – all ...
... change. From among the media sources, newspapers were chosen for their broad readership, policy impact and role as a source of record. The study aimed to: 1. Describe ‘food and climate change’ (FCC) coverage – time trends; newspapers; level of focus on food and agriculture; and type of article – all ...
Climate change and integrated analysis of mountain
... glaciers, landslides, debris flows, fluvial river). However, these definitions are misleading because delimiting a «store» from a «transfer» is timescale dependent. For instance, over very short timescales (hours to days), a rock glacier is effectively a sediment store because its rate of sediment t ...
... glaciers, landslides, debris flows, fluvial river). However, these definitions are misleading because delimiting a «store» from a «transfer» is timescale dependent. For instance, over very short timescales (hours to days), a rock glacier is effectively a sediment store because its rate of sediment t ...