Consequences of Climate Change and Variability in the for a Vulnerability Assessment
... 1. From page 145 of the 2006 Response to the Public Comment of the CCSP Report Synthesis and Assessment Product 1.1 ‘Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences’ “Owing to natural internal variability, models cannot be expected to reproduce regiona ...
... 1. From page 145 of the 2006 Response to the Public Comment of the CCSP Report Synthesis and Assessment Product 1.1 ‘Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences’ “Owing to natural internal variability, models cannot be expected to reproduce regiona ...
Dynamical downscaling from climate
... includes downdrafts and detrainment. CCAM may be employed in quasi-uniform mode, or in stretched mode by utilising the Schmidt (1977) transformation. For this simulation, CCAM is first set up on a quasi-uniform grid having a resolution of about 200 km over the whole globe (Figure 1, top). It is run ...
... includes downdrafts and detrainment. CCAM may be employed in quasi-uniform mode, or in stretched mode by utilising the Schmidt (1977) transformation. For this simulation, CCAM is first set up on a quasi-uniform grid having a resolution of about 200 km over the whole globe (Figure 1, top). It is run ...
Warsaw: On the Road to Paris
... Through a series of decisions adopted at COP 17 in Durban, South Africa, countries reaffirmed their resolve to tackle climate change. They further built on those decisions at COP 18 in Doha, Qatar. This resolve is yet to be put into action as global emissions continue to push the world towards warmi ...
... Through a series of decisions adopted at COP 17 in Durban, South Africa, countries reaffirmed their resolve to tackle climate change. They further built on those decisions at COP 18 in Doha, Qatar. This resolve is yet to be put into action as global emissions continue to push the world towards warmi ...
Model Repair for Markov Decision Processes
... counterexamples have been studied [2]. However, counterexamples for probabilistic models are are often very involved and computationally expensive, and have thus far found limited application. The probabilities in MDP models are often not precise, and are determined by characteristics of network con ...
... counterexamples have been studied [2]. However, counterexamples for probabilistic models are are often very involved and computationally expensive, and have thus far found limited application. The probabilities in MDP models are often not precise, and are determined by characteristics of network con ...
Public Perception of Climate Change in a Period of Economic Crisis
... the impact of climate change [9,11], even though culturally constructed beliefs can strongly influence people’s perceptions of their experience of global warming [12]. Moreover, people need to be better informed on the issue, in order to gain knowledge of every possible action they can undertake to ...
... the impact of climate change [9,11], even though culturally constructed beliefs can strongly influence people’s perceptions of their experience of global warming [12]. Moreover, people need to be better informed on the issue, in order to gain knowledge of every possible action they can undertake to ...
Chapter 4: Traditional Ricardian Method and
... Ricardian model. However, in many applications, the prices are the same across the data set because the farmers are all in the same market. In this case, the Ricardian method cannot discern the independent effects of prices and price cannot be included (Cline 1996). The omission of prices leads the ...
... Ricardian model. However, in many applications, the prices are the same across the data set because the farmers are all in the same market. In this case, the Ricardian method cannot discern the independent effects of prices and price cannot be included (Cline 1996). The omission of prices leads the ...
The leading variability mode of the coupled troposphere
... polar-night vortex, as depicted in this coupled mode, is remarkably less than in observations. Over the North Pole the variability corresponding to one standard deviation of the index time series of the stratospheric eld is, with approximately 120 geopotential meters (gpm), only almost half as larg ...
... polar-night vortex, as depicted in this coupled mode, is remarkably less than in observations. Over the North Pole the variability corresponding to one standard deviation of the index time series of the stratospheric eld is, with approximately 120 geopotential meters (gpm), only almost half as larg ...
Sensitivity and the Carbon Budget - Apollo
... Now consider the effect of increasing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. The yellow trace is pushed further down the scale at the wavelength specific to CO2 absorption. Less energy is radiated to space, so the surface temperature has to increase to compensate and re-balance the equilib ...
... Now consider the effect of increasing the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. The yellow trace is pushed further down the scale at the wavelength specific to CO2 absorption. Less energy is radiated to space, so the surface temperature has to increase to compensate and re-balance the equilib ...
GLOBIO3: A Framework to Investigate Options for Reducing Global
... drivers ‘biotic exchange’ and ‘atmospheric CO2 concentration’ so they are not included in the current version. The drivers land-use change and harvesting (mainly forestry), atmospheric nitrogen deposition, fragmentation, and climate change are sourced from the Integrated Model to Assess the Global E ...
... drivers ‘biotic exchange’ and ‘atmospheric CO2 concentration’ so they are not included in the current version. The drivers land-use change and harvesting (mainly forestry), atmospheric nitrogen deposition, fragmentation, and climate change are sourced from the Integrated Model to Assess the Global E ...
Report
... need to adapt to new patterns of temperature, precipitation, and disease. Conflicts over water, either between upstream and downstream communities or between agricultural, industrial and municipal users, will increase in areas where precipitation declines. Two major goals of ecosystem management are ...
... need to adapt to new patterns of temperature, precipitation, and disease. Conflicts over water, either between upstream and downstream communities or between agricultural, industrial and municipal users, will increase in areas where precipitation declines. Two major goals of ecosystem management are ...
cool policy: climate change mitigation supporting growth
... Years of research have established that increased GHG emissions as a result of human activity have led to and, if nothing is done, will continue to lead to significant increases in global average temperatures. Although there is some uncertainty about the exact response of average temperature to GHG ...
... Years of research have established that increased GHG emissions as a result of human activity have led to and, if nothing is done, will continue to lead to significant increases in global average temperatures. Although there is some uncertainty about the exact response of average temperature to GHG ...
2. Taking stock of the recommendations of the 2005 Communication
... levels. To meet this objective, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have to remain well below 550 parts per million volume (ppmv) CO2 equivalent, requiring global emission reductions of at least 15 % but perhaps as much as 50 % by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. Industrialised countries wou ...
... levels. To meet this objective, atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have to remain well below 550 parts per million volume (ppmv) CO2 equivalent, requiring global emission reductions of at least 15 % but perhaps as much as 50 % by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. Industrialised countries wou ...
EUR‐OCEANS Foresight workshop Rapid change in polar
... there are large numbers of endemic species. The system supports many taxonomic groups and species that are almost totally dependent on the ecosystems of the Southern Ocean for their survival, such as various seabird species including Albatrosses and Penguins. Many of the species occurring here ...
... there are large numbers of endemic species. The system supports many taxonomic groups and species that are almost totally dependent on the ecosystems of the Southern Ocean for their survival, such as various seabird species including Albatrosses and Penguins. Many of the species occurring here ...
Interactive influences of climate change and agriculture on aquatic
... the Umatilla Subbasin. We developed spatially explicit predictions for how changes in stream flow and water temperature associated with three climate change scenarios and loss of riparian buffers in two agricultural intensification scenarios may impact aquatic habitats. We also examined the cumulati ...
... the Umatilla Subbasin. We developed spatially explicit predictions for how changes in stream flow and water temperature associated with three climate change scenarios and loss of riparian buffers in two agricultural intensification scenarios may impact aquatic habitats. We also examined the cumulati ...
The Economics of Climate Change Impacts: A Case Study on
... Although it did not recommend a level at which GHGs should be stabilized, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found that substantial reductions, well below those required under the Kyoto Protocol, would be required to avoid many adverse impacts of climate change. For example, the ...
... Although it did not recommend a level at which GHGs should be stabilized, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) found that substantial reductions, well below those required under the Kyoto Protocol, would be required to avoid many adverse impacts of climate change. For example, the ...
The Risk of Sea Level Rise: A Delphic Monte Carlo Analysis in
... implement measures for adapting to rising sea level and other effects of changing climate. To decide upon an appropriate response, coastal planners and engineers must weigh the cost of these measures against the likely cost of failing to prepare, which depends on the probability of the sea rising a ...
... implement measures for adapting to rising sea level and other effects of changing climate. To decide upon an appropriate response, coastal planners and engineers must weigh the cost of these measures against the likely cost of failing to prepare, which depends on the probability of the sea rising a ...
Climate Change and Water Resources in the Tropical Andes
... recession rates have increased by a factor of four over the last decades.38 Chacaltaya glacier, formerly also located in the Cordillera Real39 and used as a small ski resort (the world’s highest at 5400 meters), completely disappeared in 2009. Its disappearance is representative of many small glaci ...
... recession rates have increased by a factor of four over the last decades.38 Chacaltaya glacier, formerly also located in the Cordillera Real39 and used as a small ski resort (the world’s highest at 5400 meters), completely disappeared in 2009. Its disappearance is representative of many small glaci ...
The Effects of Climate Change on the Full Enjoyment of Human Rights
... yield impact in both regions by 2050 averaged over crops, with wheat, maize, sorghum, and millets more affected than rice, cassava, and sugarcane.30 For example, one study found “the impact of climate-induced drought and precipitation changes in Mali include the southward movement of drought-prone ...
... yield impact in both regions by 2050 averaged over crops, with wheat, maize, sorghum, and millets more affected than rice, cassava, and sugarcane.30 For example, one study found “the impact of climate-induced drought and precipitation changes in Mali include the southward movement of drought-prone ...
February 26, 2014 Ms. Mabel Echols Office of Information and
... 1. Introduction: The SCC is an important policy tool. The SCC estimates the economic cost of climate impacts—specifically the additional economic harm caused by one additional metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. SCC calculations are important for evaluating the costs of activities that pr ...
... 1. Introduction: The SCC is an important policy tool. The SCC estimates the economic cost of climate impacts—specifically the additional economic harm caused by one additional metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. SCC calculations are important for evaluating the costs of activities that pr ...
Read full text
... (o) Mitigation potential shall refer to the scale of GHG reductions that could be made, relative to emission baselines, for a given level of carbon price (expressed in cost per unit of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions avoided or reduced). (p) Sea level rise refers to an increase in sea level whic ...
... (o) Mitigation potential shall refer to the scale of GHG reductions that could be made, relative to emission baselines, for a given level of carbon price (expressed in cost per unit of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions avoided or reduced). (p) Sea level rise refers to an increase in sea level whic ...
A fractal climate response function can simulate global average
... SO2 data to 1800-1849 by first noticing that the emissions very closely follow an exponentially growing curve from 1850-1900. I fitted an exponential to that part of the curve and used that to extend the curve backwards to 1800. The remaining SO2 emission in the year 1800 is close enough to zero to ...
... SO2 data to 1800-1849 by first noticing that the emissions very closely follow an exponentially growing curve from 1850-1900. I fitted an exponential to that part of the curve and used that to extend the curve backwards to 1800. The remaining SO2 emission in the year 1800 is close enough to zero to ...
Effect of Climate Change on Invasion Risk of Giant African Snail
... (http://www.worldclim.org/; Table 1). We used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) data in its fifth Assessment Report (AR5) [53] for three different future climate scenarios. These were Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, RCP 8.5)—each of which is bas ...
... (http://www.worldclim.org/; Table 1). We used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) data in its fifth Assessment Report (AR5) [53] for three different future climate scenarios. These were Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, RCP 8.5)—each of which is bas ...
Cooperative Federalism and Climate Change
... to avoid a patchwork of State, Tribal, and local regulations.” This assertion is revealing in two crucial respects. First, it suggests that expressly reserving the rights of states to adopt their own, more stringent standards is something new in environmental law. It is not. Rather, preemption would ...
... to avoid a patchwork of State, Tribal, and local regulations.” This assertion is revealing in two crucial respects. First, it suggests that expressly reserving the rights of states to adopt their own, more stringent standards is something new in environmental law. It is not. Rather, preemption would ...
The Role of Transportation in Driving Climate Disruption
... warming gases (carbon dioxide, ozone, and black carbon); and (2) minimal emissions of sulfates, aerosols, and organic carbon from on-road transportation sources to counterbalance warming with cooling effects. Scientists find that cutting on-road transportation climate and air-pollutant emissions wou ...
... warming gases (carbon dioxide, ozone, and black carbon); and (2) minimal emissions of sulfates, aerosols, and organic carbon from on-road transportation sources to counterbalance warming with cooling effects. Scientists find that cutting on-road transportation climate and air-pollutant emissions wou ...
Student Pages
... and if the atmosphere did not have any, the Earth would be much colder, perhaps too cold for living things to survive. However, too much CO2 in the atmosphere could make the planet too hot for living things. Several Earth processes work together to cycle carbon from one carbon reservoir to another a ...
... and if the atmosphere did not have any, the Earth would be much colder, perhaps too cold for living things to survive. However, too much CO2 in the atmosphere could make the planet too hot for living things. Several Earth processes work together to cycle carbon from one carbon reservoir to another a ...