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The Method – Analysis and Criticisms
The Method – Analysis and Criticisms

... Of course, one obvious way to check whether I’m right is to ask someone else. Philosophy and science are best done co-operatively. But since Descartes has committed himself to doubting that physical bodies – hence, human beings – exist, he cannot do this. Descartes says that we cannot doubt anything ...
The Brotherhood of Doctrines - The Institute of General Semantics
The Brotherhood of Doctrines - The Institute of General Semantics

... frightened away from it by the fact that it is a document of exact science, because while the language may at first be strange the ideas themselves are such as may be readily grasped by any intelligent man; and ultimately the language itself will be found to make this easier than if more familiar wo ...
Powerpoint - John Provost, PhD
Powerpoint - John Provost, PhD

... what to think or how to act is a choice! You can’t really sit this one out, although this is exactly what some people think they can do. But when analyzed we see that all people come down on one side or another. But relativism is not your only choice. ...
An introduction to philosophy
An introduction to philosophy

... The soul exists before the body The body prevents the soul from seeing properly Detaching the soul from the body is the aim of philosophy • Those who apply themselves to philosophy in the proper way are doing no more nor less than to prepare themselves for the moment of dying and the state of death ...
Day 3 P2B Philosophers Use Reason - Mr
Day 3 P2B Philosophers Use Reason - Mr

... Academus. This became the location of his school. ...
Was Wittgenstein Right?
Was Wittgenstein Right?

... startling discoveries to be made of facts, not open to the methods of science, yet accessible “from the armchair” through some blend of intuition, pure reason and conceptual analysis. Indeed the whole idea of a subject that could yield such results is based on confusion and wishful thinking. This a ...
Pursuing Wisdom
Pursuing Wisdom

... he posits an underlying principle (Logos) according to which all things are unified as one. Opposites exist and are necessary for life, but they are unified in a system of balances. Logos is a kind of continual flux or change symbolized best by fire. Thus the world is not to be identified with any p ...
Famous Mathematician - MATHS-S12
Famous Mathematician - MATHS-S12

... questions: "As the apple rots, what standard do we use to determine whether or not it is red? It seems that we need some unchanging standard, some fixed redness, but what could fit the bill in this changing world of rotting apples? If we really know something, it is hard to see how that knowledge co ...
Class #2
Class #2

... can act no differently. It is better to obey the gods than man. The unexamined life is not worth living. His pursuit of philosophy is following the instruction of the gods. ...
Introduction to Metaphysical Terms
Introduction to Metaphysical Terms

...  He maintained that what people “common sensically” view as material objects are really ideas that God placed in humans. ...
Aristotle
Aristotle

... • Therefore, they are closest to the good • Philosophers know how to act in accordance with their beliefs, – They make true choices about the value & worth of their actions – They have chosen the happiest life ...
Aristotle
Aristotle

... • Therefore, they are closest to the good • Philosophers know how to act in accordance with their beliefs, – They make true choices about the value & worth of their actions – They have chosen the happiest life ...
Engleska književnost od renesanse do neoklasicizma Simon Ryle
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... They [the oxen and sheep] consume, destroy, and devour whole fields, houses, and cities. For look in what parts of the realm doth grow the finest and therefore the dearest wool. There noblemen and gentlemen, yea, and certain abbots, holy men no doubt, not contenting themselves with the yearly reven ...
Plato and Aristotle
Plato and Aristotle

... thing belongs, and these are less real • He also claimed that forms are real but that they cannot exist independently of the particular substance ...
8. Handout on Plato`s Theory of Forms - Elly Pirocacos
8. Handout on Plato`s Theory of Forms - Elly Pirocacos

... II. From an epistemological point of view Plato, siding with PARMENIDES, will hold that “knowledge is of what is” and “knowledge (unlike mere belief) is infallible”. These two premises are basic to Plato’s epistemological theory, so remember them. Parmenides was struck by the problem of being able t ...
HERE - BasicIncome.com
HERE - BasicIncome.com

... cold. But physics assures us that the greenness of grass, the hardness of stones, and the coldness of snow, are not the greenness, hardness, and coldness that we know in our own experience, but something very different. The observer, when he seems to himself to be observing a stone, is really, if ph ...
Intro PowerPoint for Metaphysics
Intro PowerPoint for Metaphysics

... by the natural sciences, such as those regarding First Causes; Laws of the Universe; Mind/Body; Freedom/Determinism.  First used by Aristotle who wrote first his Physics (concerning the physical world) and the Metaphysics (beyond the physical world). ...
Intro to Philosophy
Intro to Philosophy

... went into your living room & saw an angel sitting on your couch (& if we all agreed that what we were seeing actually was an angel), then I suppose we could say that this claim is rationally defensible in the strong sense (at least to our own satisfaction although others we told about this might thi ...
PDF - Brunswick Group
PDF - Brunswick Group

... camps. The differences between two of those camps shed light on why data-driven businesses often struggle to communicate. The Enlightenment sought to clear away the superstition surrounding much Medieval thought and shine the light of reason and evidence on human understanding. Nowhere was this less ...
Can Philosophy Serve a High Purpose
Can Philosophy Serve a High Purpose

... outside reason, or things are only as we think them, or everything is relative to a reality that is not there. The modern philosopher claims, like a sort of confidence man, that if once we will grant him this, the rest will be easy; he will straighten out the world, if once he is allowed to give thi ...
Universals - The Metaphysicist
Universals - The Metaphysicist

... By contrast, we humans invent abstract concepts like redness. We know that these cultural constructs exist nowhere in nature as physical structures. We create them. Cultural knowledge is relative to and dependent on the society that creates it. However, some of our invented abstract concepts seem to ...
16. Plato: Moral Theory
16. Plato: Moral Theory

... distinguished according to their objects or the parts of the soul of which they are the habits; but all these distinct virtues form a unity, inasmuch as they are the expressions of the same knowledge of good and evil. d. The distinct virtues are unified in prudence or the knowledge of what is truly ...
Study Guide: René Descartes
Study Guide: René Descartes

... Study Guide: René Descartes Descartes was a rationalist: He believed that at least some synthetic propositions could be known a priori (that is, without being based on experience). For an example of such a proposition, see the Wax Example section below. Descartes wanted to apply the methodology of m ...
Philosophy in Lincoln-‐Douglas Debate
Philosophy in Lincoln-‐Douglas Debate

... •  Importance  in  LD-­‐  while  these  terms  are  clearly  epistemic,  it  is   important  for  a  debater  to  understand  what  it  takes  to  qualify   as  truth  for  their  given  philosopher,  as  well  as  their  opponents   ...
Questions - Tamu.edu
Questions - Tamu.edu

... Chapter Six: Retreat from Certainty: Hume on Habit/Toleration (Sept 30) 1. Why did Hume believe that many beliefs are based on habit rather than reasoning? 2. Why did Hume think that any desire is as reasonable as any other? 3. In what ways is Hume’s understanding of reason too narrow? 4. What probl ...
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Rationalism

In epistemology, rationalism is the view that ""regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge"" or ""any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification"". More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory ""in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive"". Rationalists believe reality has an intrinsically logical structure. Because of this, rationalists argue that certain truths exist and that the intellect can directly grasp these truths. That is to say, rationalists assert that certain rational principles exist in logic, mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. Rationalists have such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence are unnecessary to ascertain truth – in other words, ""there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience"". Because of this belief, empiricism is one of rationalism's greatest rivals.Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position ""that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge"" to the more extreme position that reason is ""the unique path to knowledge"". Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In recent decades, Leo Strauss sought to revive ""Classical Political Rationalism"" as a discipline that understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as maieutic. Rationalism should not be confused with rationality, nor with rationalization.In politics, Rationalism, since the Enlightenment, historically emphasized a ""politics of reason"" centered upon rational choice, utilitarianism, secularism, and irreligion – the latter aspect's antitheism later ameliorated by utilitarian adoption of pluralistic rationalist methods practicable regardless of religious or irreligious ideology.In this regard, the philosopher John Cottingham noted how rationalism, a methodology, became socially conflated with atheism, a worldview: In the past, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term 'rationalist' was often used to refer to free thinkers of an anti-clerical and anti-religious outlook, and for a time the word acquired a distinctly pejorative force (thus in 1670 Sanderson spoke disparagingly of 'a mere rationalist, that is to say in plain English an atheist of the late edition...'). The use of the label 'rationalist' to characterize a world outlook which has no place for the supernatural is becoming less popular today; terms like 'humanist' or 'materialist' seem largely to have taken its place. But the old usage still survives.
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