Geoengineering the climate: science, governance
... Geoengineering of the Earth’s climate is very likely to be technically possible. However, the technology to do so is barely formed, and there are major uncertainties regarding its effectiveness, costs, and environmental impacts. Methods that act rapidly by reflecting sunlight may prove to be ineffec ...
... Geoengineering of the Earth’s climate is very likely to be technically possible. However, the technology to do so is barely formed, and there are major uncertainties regarding its effectiveness, costs, and environmental impacts. Methods that act rapidly by reflecting sunlight may prove to be ineffec ...
State of Climate Change Science in the Great Lakes Basin
... ater levels in the Great Lakes naturally fluctuate surface hydrology by up to 1.5m. • Long-term ...
... ater levels in the Great Lakes naturally fluctuate surface hydrology by up to 1.5m. • Long-term ...
The Hydrological Cycle of the Mediterranean
... due to more energy input from greenhouse warming). As a result, a 24% (0.4 mm/d) increase in the loss of freshwater (E–P) at the sea surface is projected towards the end of the twenty-first century. This change is large, roughly equal to the typical total received by the Mediterranean Sea on an annu ...
... due to more energy input from greenhouse warming). As a result, a 24% (0.4 mm/d) increase in the loss of freshwater (E–P) at the sea surface is projected towards the end of the twenty-first century. This change is large, roughly equal to the typical total received by the Mediterranean Sea on an annu ...
Learning to Live in a Changing Climate
... Climate change presents one of the greatest development challenges of our time, and it is now clear that the eradication of poverty and inequality cannot be achieved without also addressing the causes and consequences of climate change. At the global level this requires a twin-track approach, of bot ...
... Climate change presents one of the greatest development challenges of our time, and it is now clear that the eradication of poverty and inequality cannot be achieved without also addressing the causes and consequences of climate change. At the global level this requires a twin-track approach, of bot ...
Hegemony – Dartmouth 2012
... It should be noted that, although the Bern 2.5CC EMIC includes a representation of the surface and deep ocean, it does not include processes such as ice sheet losses or changes in the Earth’s albedo linked to evolution of vegetation. However, it is noteworthy that this EMIC, although parameterized a ...
... It should be noted that, although the Bern 2.5CC EMIC includes a representation of the surface and deep ocean, it does not include processes such as ice sheet losses or changes in the Earth’s albedo linked to evolution of vegetation. However, it is noteworthy that this EMIC, although parameterized a ...
workingpaper - School of Psychology
... the initial presentation used to introduce the idea of accumulating carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causing climate change, terms such as ‘parts per million’ were introduced very early on. Similarly, quite technical-looking graphs depicting temperature increases and levels of greenhouse gas emissio ...
... the initial presentation used to introduce the idea of accumulating carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causing climate change, terms such as ‘parts per million’ were introduced very early on. Similarly, quite technical-looking graphs depicting temperature increases and levels of greenhouse gas emissio ...
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE LIMITED
... This document has been reproduced without formal editing. ...
... This document has been reproduced without formal editing. ...
Watershed Modeling to Assess the Sensitivity of Streamflow
... mid-21st century climate change and urban development scenarios. The study also provides an improved understanding of methodological challenges associated with integrating existing tools (e.g., climate models, downscaling approaches, and watershed models) and data sets to address these scientific qu ...
... mid-21st century climate change and urban development scenarios. The study also provides an improved understanding of methodological challenges associated with integrating existing tools (e.g., climate models, downscaling approaches, and watershed models) and data sets to address these scientific qu ...
ENHANCINGRESILIENCETO CLIMATERESILIENCEAND CLIMATE
... economic risk exposure to multiple hazards, based on land area. Due to its geographic location and tectonic characteristics, Panama is exposed to a variety of natural hazards, especially those of hydrometeorological sources. Fifteen percent of Panama´s total land area, and 12.5%of its population are ...
... economic risk exposure to multiple hazards, based on land area. Due to its geographic location and tectonic characteristics, Panama is exposed to a variety of natural hazards, especially those of hydrometeorological sources. Fifteen percent of Panama´s total land area, and 12.5%of its population are ...
Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia
... domestic product (GDP) and, hence, in economic growth and poverty reduction. The study illustrates that South Asia on average could lose nearly 2% of its GDP by 2050, rising to a loss of nearly 9% by 2100 under business-as-usual (BAU) scenario—higher still if losses due to extreme weather events are ...
... domestic product (GDP) and, hence, in economic growth and poverty reduction. The study illustrates that South Asia on average could lose nearly 2% of its GDP by 2050, rising to a loss of nearly 9% by 2100 under business-as-usual (BAU) scenario—higher still if losses due to extreme weather events are ...
Demographics and Climate Change: Future Trends And their Policy
... migrants.4 Crucially, such migration is often constructed as a major public policy challenge for industrialised nations, as this is where ‘environmental refugees’ are expected to seek ‘asylum’. However, such forecasts of environmental or climate change-related migration, and arguments for public pol ...
... migrants.4 Crucially, such migration is often constructed as a major public policy challenge for industrialised nations, as this is where ‘environmental refugees’ are expected to seek ‘asylum’. However, such forecasts of environmental or climate change-related migration, and arguments for public pol ...
Quantifying Mineral Dust Mass Budgets:Terminology
... Mineral dust aerosol is created by wind erosion of soil particles.In addition to its direct radiative effect, dust aerosol mediates ocean carbon uptake and the chemical cycles of other aerosols like sulfates. Dust observations during the past decade span measurements of local concentration and depos ...
... Mineral dust aerosol is created by wind erosion of soil particles.In addition to its direct radiative effect, dust aerosol mediates ocean carbon uptake and the chemical cycles of other aerosols like sulfates. Dust observations during the past decade span measurements of local concentration and depos ...
A Situation Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives in
... bureaucracy, and local government institutions can be strengthened by engaging leading experts on climate change from the nongovernment sector. Build the capacity of local organizations on climate change: Local institutions, working especially in highly vulnerable areas, should be provided support t ...
... bureaucracy, and local government institutions can be strengthened by engaging leading experts on climate change from the nongovernment sector. Build the capacity of local organizations on climate change: Local institutions, working especially in highly vulnerable areas, should be provided support t ...
An investigation of the pattern scaling technique for describing future
... The technique of pattern scaling was introduced in 1990 to compare equilibrium experiments from global climate models (GCMs). The patterns from GCMs were subsequently combined with simple climate model simulations to allow scenarios of regional climate change to be constructed for a large number of ...
... The technique of pattern scaling was introduced in 1990 to compare equilibrium experiments from global climate models (GCMs). The patterns from GCMs were subsequently combined with simple climate model simulations to allow scenarios of regional climate change to be constructed for a large number of ...
IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME)
... 2012). The concepts of climate change are simple if explained well, even though the science is multifaceted (Prasad, Ranghieri, Trohanis, Kessler & Sinha, 2009). Climate change by definition, refer to any change in climate overtime. Climate variability on the other hand refers to variations in the m ...
... 2012). The concepts of climate change are simple if explained well, even though the science is multifaceted (Prasad, Ranghieri, Trohanis, Kessler & Sinha, 2009). Climate change by definition, refer to any change in climate overtime. Climate variability on the other hand refers to variations in the m ...
Atmospheric Moisture Residence Times and Cycling: Implications
... variability combined with possible changes from anthropogenic climate change should make the patterns of rainfall changes rather complex. Increases in greenhouse gases increase the radiative forcing and thus not only increase surface temperatures but also enhance the hydrological cycle as much of th ...
... variability combined with possible changes from anthropogenic climate change should make the patterns of rainfall changes rather complex. Increases in greenhouse gases increase the radiative forcing and thus not only increase surface temperatures but also enhance the hydrological cycle as much of th ...
From Risk to Return: Investing in Climate Change Adaptation
... in Australia have caused more deaths than storms, bushfires, flooding and earthquakes combined (Climate Council, 2017). Heatwaves in Australia are already becoming hotter, longer, more frequent and occurring earlier, as experienced during the 20162017 summer. Sydney, Brisbane and Canberra all experi ...
... in Australia have caused more deaths than storms, bushfires, flooding and earthquakes combined (Climate Council, 2017). Heatwaves in Australia are already becoming hotter, longer, more frequent and occurring earlier, as experienced during the 20162017 summer. Sydney, Brisbane and Canberra all experi ...
Questions and Answers about the Environmental Effects of the
... Protection of the Ozone Layer, followed by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. The Convention and Protocol have been amended and adjusted several times since 1987 as new knowledge has become available. The Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol appoint ...
... Protection of the Ozone Layer, followed by the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. The Convention and Protocol have been amended and adjusted several times since 1987 as new knowledge has become available. The Meetings of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol appoint ...
8.1MB - Climate Change 2013
... and for the degree of agreement: low, medium, or high. A level of confidence is expressed using five qualifiers: very low, low, medium, high, and very high, and typeset in italics, e.g., medium confidence. For a given evidence and agreement statement, different confidence levels can be assigned, but ...
... and for the degree of agreement: low, medium, or high. A level of confidence is expressed using five qualifiers: very low, low, medium, high, and very high, and typeset in italics, e.g., medium confidence. For a given evidence and agreement statement, different confidence levels can be assigned, but ...
ABSTRACT - Coastal Environmental Change Lab
... detectable in areas where the change in wave climate is less pronounced or on developed coastlines affected by shoreline stabilization efforts. Shoreline stabilization can dramatically change the way a cuspate coastline responds to a shift in wave climate, relative to what would occur without nouri ...
... detectable in areas where the change in wave climate is less pronounced or on developed coastlines affected by shoreline stabilization efforts. Shoreline stabilization can dramatically change the way a cuspate coastline responds to a shift in wave climate, relative to what would occur without nouri ...
Physical Assessment of the Brahmaputra River
... monsoon, the average increase in monthly flows may vary from 3% to 9% by 2050 across the three emission scenarios, and by 7% to 16% by 2100. In the dry season, the average increase in monthly flows varies by similar amounts (2% to 11% by 2050, and 8% to 15% by 2100). The increase in flows by 2050 co ...
... monsoon, the average increase in monthly flows may vary from 3% to 9% by 2050 across the three emission scenarios, and by 7% to 16% by 2100. In the dry season, the average increase in monthly flows varies by similar amounts (2% to 11% by 2050, and 8% to 15% by 2100). The increase in flows by 2050 co ...
Outlook on climate change adaptation in the Tropical Andes
... experts, the reports offer concrete recommendations for adaptation. This includes sharing regional good practices with the potential for wider replication to improve cost efficiency and adaptation capacity. While each of the regions is covered in a dedicated report, they all face similar issues. On ...
... experts, the reports offer concrete recommendations for adaptation. This includes sharing regional good practices with the potential for wider replication to improve cost efficiency and adaptation capacity. While each of the regions is covered in a dedicated report, they all face similar issues. On ...