Climate policy convergence in Europe: an assessment based on
... convergence, this is not possible, as the effects of these PAMs will only be known by the end of the commitment period 2008 –2012. Hence, we are dealing with future projections of policy effects over here. Such ex-ante analyses are characterized by many uncertainties. Moreover, countries have used d ...
... convergence, this is not possible, as the effects of these PAMs will only be known by the end of the commitment period 2008 –2012. Hence, we are dealing with future projections of policy effects over here. Such ex-ante analyses are characterized by many uncertainties. Moreover, countries have used d ...
Resilient Buffalo Niagara
... During the same period, the number of hydro-meteorological events has also increased from less than 10 per year to more than 340 per year (Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), 2007). Historically, natural climatic variability has been the primary cause of extreme events, but the ...
... During the same period, the number of hydro-meteorological events has also increased from less than 10 per year to more than 340 per year (Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), 2007). Historically, natural climatic variability has been the primary cause of extreme events, but the ...
Strategies for the use of biochar for climate change mitigation
... Under current conditions and assumptions, the production of biochar is not economically viable However, with more research and improved technology, and an emissions trading scheme, the economics could change dramatically and biochar production may emerge as a profitable strategy for climate change m ...
... Under current conditions and assumptions, the production of biochar is not economically viable However, with more research and improved technology, and an emissions trading scheme, the economics could change dramatically and biochar production may emerge as a profitable strategy for climate change m ...
EIB Climate Strategy - European Investment Bank
... infrastructure and climate action. We foster these interlinked objectives by lending, blending (combining EIB finance with other funding sources) and advising. Policy alignment, portfolio quality and the soundness of credit decisions are underpinned by an extensive due diligence process applying to ...
... infrastructure and climate action. We foster these interlinked objectives by lending, blending (combining EIB finance with other funding sources) and advising. Policy alignment, portfolio quality and the soundness of credit decisions are underpinned by an extensive due diligence process applying to ...
Livelihoods and Climate Change - International Institute for
... This “bottom-up” approach therefore requires an understanding of how livelihoods are conducted and sustained—that is, how resources are mobilized to earn an income and meet basic needs. Central to both the definition of livelihoods and household resilience are livelihood assets, i.e., the means of p ...
... This “bottom-up” approach therefore requires an understanding of how livelihoods are conducted and sustained—that is, how resources are mobilized to earn an income and meet basic needs. Central to both the definition of livelihoods and household resilience are livelihood assets, i.e., the means of p ...
the sahel is greening - The Global Warming Policy Foundation
... them for farming.11 The United Nations’ Africa Report of 2008 confirmed that the greening of the Sahel is now well established and that increases in rainfall are the main driver of the change in the vegetation cover. The report noted that there was a 50% increase in vegetation in parts of Mali, Maur ...
... them for farming.11 The United Nations’ Africa Report of 2008 confirmed that the greening of the Sahel is now well established and that increases in rainfall are the main driver of the change in the vegetation cover. The report noted that there was a 50% increase in vegetation in parts of Mali, Maur ...
Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming
... because warming is fastest in these regions8. In contrast, shifts in tropical regions are expected to be less marked4,8,10,11 because warming is less pronounced there8. However, biotic impacts of warming are mediated through physiology, and metabolic rate, which is a fundamental measure of physiolog ...
... because warming is fastest in these regions8. In contrast, shifts in tropical regions are expected to be less marked4,8,10,11 because warming is less pronounced there8. However, biotic impacts of warming are mediated through physiology, and metabolic rate, which is a fundamental measure of physiolog ...
Guide to Considering Climate Change in Project Development in
... Since the start of the industrial revolution, human activities have been causing greenhouse gas (GHG) levels in the atmosphere to rapidly increase. These gases help control the earth’s temperature to make it habitable. However, as the graphic below explains, increased levels of GHGs have caused a ...
... Since the start of the industrial revolution, human activities have been causing greenhouse gas (GHG) levels in the atmosphere to rapidly increase. These gases help control the earth’s temperature to make it habitable. However, as the graphic below explains, increased levels of GHGs have caused a ...
Adaptation Planning – What Other States are Doing
... The scientific community has reached a strong consensus that the climate is changing. Current projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate the continental United State can expect temperature increases of between 5.4ºF and 12.6ºF by the year 2100.1 This warming will ha ...
... The scientific community has reached a strong consensus that the climate is changing. Current projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicate the continental United State can expect temperature increases of between 5.4ºF and 12.6ºF by the year 2100.1 This warming will ha ...
2. Scope of a possible GMES Climate Change Contribution
... also apply to forward-looking studies. However, there will be limitations on some of the aspects, due to limitations in both global and downscaled regional climate change models. There are various causes of uncertainties including incomplete understanding of the physical, chemical and biological pro ...
... also apply to forward-looking studies. However, there will be limitations on some of the aspects, due to limitations in both global and downscaled regional climate change models. There are various causes of uncertainties including incomplete understanding of the physical, chemical and biological pro ...
Deglacial impact of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet on the North Atlantic climate system Francesco Muschitiello
... Overturning Circulation (AMOC) – a critical component of the Earth’s system. In the North Atlantic Ocean – the key centre of action of the AMOC – warm and saline surface waters carried from the subtropical sector rapidly cool and sink. The process releases heat to ...
... Overturning Circulation (AMOC) – a critical component of the Earth’s system. In the North Atlantic Ocean – the key centre of action of the AMOC – warm and saline surface waters carried from the subtropical sector rapidly cool and sink. The process releases heat to ...
Climate Change
... remains accurate to claim that Baltic 21 has clearly included climate change in its current scope of action for the coming years. Whatever the possible inadequacies of this Background Paper might be, in reflecting the actual activities of each of the members of Baltic 21, it must be specified that t ...
... remains accurate to claim that Baltic 21 has clearly included climate change in its current scope of action for the coming years. Whatever the possible inadequacies of this Background Paper might be, in reflecting the actual activities of each of the members of Baltic 21, it must be specified that t ...
France`s adaptation to global climate change
... climate debate been somewhat sidelined. These events brought it back into the headlines. Since 2010, thousands of scientists from all over the world who met for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had been preparing their fifth report, which was recently published in three volumes t ...
... climate debate been somewhat sidelined. These events brought it back into the headlines. Since 2010, thousands of scientists from all over the world who met for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had been preparing their fifth report, which was recently published in three volumes t ...
Cirrus cloud radiative characteristics from continuous
... Cirrus clouds, and especially optically thin ice crystal clouds with an optical depth below 0.03 exist globally [1], but are mostly found in the tropical upper troposphere, where the temperature is very low [2]. These sub-visible cirrus clouds (SVC) have been investigated over sever ...
... Cirrus clouds, and especially optically thin ice crystal clouds with an optical depth below 0.03 exist globally [1], but are mostly found in the tropical upper troposphere, where the temperature is very low [2]. These sub-visible cirrus clouds (SVC) have been investigated over sever ...
Accurate estimates of yield gaps - Van Bussel et al 2015
... Accurate estimation of yield gaps is only possible for locations where high quality local data are available, which are, however, lacking in many regions of the world. The challenge is how yield gap estimates based on location-specific input data can be used to obtain yield gap estimates for larger s ...
... Accurate estimation of yield gaps is only possible for locations where high quality local data are available, which are, however, lacking in many regions of the world. The challenge is how yield gap estimates based on location-specific input data can be used to obtain yield gap estimates for larger s ...
The Framing of Fossil Fuels and Climate Change
... In this country the environment has historically been looked at as a commodity that should be used for the betterment of society. While there have been people who saw the environment and nature as part of the community rather than just a commodity, those people were not in the majority. The “environ ...
... In this country the environment has historically been looked at as a commodity that should be used for the betterment of society. While there have been people who saw the environment and nature as part of the community rather than just a commodity, those people were not in the majority. The “environ ...
Recent Changes in Arctic Vegetation
... NDVI (MaxNDVI) is the highest NDVI value obtained during the summer for each 8-km pixel and represents the peak greenness achieved during the summer. The Time-Integrated NDVI (TI-NDVI) is the sum of the biweekly NDVI values for the summer growing season. A threshold of 0.09 was used as a minimal val ...
... NDVI (MaxNDVI) is the highest NDVI value obtained during the summer for each 8-km pixel and represents the peak greenness achieved during the summer. The Time-Integrated NDVI (TI-NDVI) is the sum of the biweekly NDVI values for the summer growing season. A threshold of 0.09 was used as a minimal val ...
Impacts of Climate Change on Abies spectabilis
... Recent global warming trends, particularly in the arctic regions and Himalayas are modifying forest structure and function, notably biogeographical changes in tree species distribution. This study used future climate scenario output from the CCSM4 climate model (RCP 2.6) in two vegetation modelling ...
... Recent global warming trends, particularly in the arctic regions and Himalayas are modifying forest structure and function, notably biogeographical changes in tree species distribution. This study used future climate scenario output from the CCSM4 climate model (RCP 2.6) in two vegetation modelling ...
Land use planning tools for local adaptation to climate change
... incentives, information and guidance, spending programs – may be applied to control how land is used. The scale of action is usually the neighbourhood, a whole town or city or a metropolitan area. Tools for the regulation of individual buildings, such as building codes, green building standards, pro ...
... incentives, information and guidance, spending programs – may be applied to control how land is used. The scale of action is usually the neighbourhood, a whole town or city or a metropolitan area. Tools for the regulation of individual buildings, such as building codes, green building standards, pro ...
Climate change and energy security – global challenges and
... risks from leading experts in the field. The authors and their topics include: • Dr Fatih Birol – The Chief Economist at the International Energy Agency discusses recent energy trends, likely projections for future energy usage and the potential impact of this on global warming. • Professor Sir ...
... risks from leading experts in the field. The authors and their topics include: • Dr Fatih Birol – The Chief Economist at the International Energy Agency discusses recent energy trends, likely projections for future energy usage and the potential impact of this on global warming. • Professor Sir ...
Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems structure and function
... and is diminished by further changes in climate factors [e.g., Cao and Woodward, 1998]. Vegetation dynamics are, however, important when assessing changes in biogeochemical fluxes and carbon storage. This is especially important under rapid climate change where species’ bioclimatic thresholds may be ...
... and is diminished by further changes in climate factors [e.g., Cao and Woodward, 1998]. Vegetation dynamics are, however, important when assessing changes in biogeochemical fluxes and carbon storage. This is especially important under rapid climate change where species’ bioclimatic thresholds may be ...
Consensus‟ Exposed: The CRU Controversy - Inhofe
... many of whom had been lead authors and contributing lead authors of various sections of the IPCC reports and were thus intimately involved in writing and editing the IPCC‘s science assessments. This is no small matter. As noted science historian Naomi Oreskes wrote, the ―scientific consensus‖ of cli ...
... many of whom had been lead authors and contributing lead authors of various sections of the IPCC reports and were thus intimately involved in writing and editing the IPCC‘s science assessments. This is no small matter. As noted science historian Naomi Oreskes wrote, the ―scientific consensus‖ of cli ...