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Spring 2016
Spring 2016

... In the Prisoners’ Dilemma game, the “superior” outcome is when both prisoners lie – but that requires cooperation. When the game is only played once, simultaneously and non-cooperatively, (confess, confess) is the dominant strategy equilibrium and (-5, -5) is the dominant strategy equilibrium outcom ...
Lecture 5: Mixed strategies and expected payoffs
Lecture 5: Mixed strategies and expected payoffs

... players to randomize their strategies. Suppose player R has N strategies at his disposal and we will number them 1, 2, 3, · · · , N . From now we will call these strategies pure strategies. In a pure strategy the player makes a choice which involves no chance or probability. Definition 1. A mixed st ...
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Introduction to Natural Computation Lecture 10 Games Peter Lewis

... Learning to play games Okay, so the Nash equilibrium is for both players to always defect. But the IPD models real world scenarios where people do cooperate! And their payoffs are higher as a result. Is this human irrationality again? Mutual defection throughout the game is the Nash equilibrium, bu ...
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Game Theory - Mr. P. Ronan

... evidence is convincing, but without a confession, the most that the police can pin on each of them is a one-year jail sentence for a known previous petty crime. If they both confess, each will get a five-year jail term. Thus the best strategy is for both suspects to hold out and spend only a year in ...
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... game theory have incorporated the concept of error-making, most do not consider the possibility of anticipation of errors. Instead of treating them as inherently unpredictable, I allow the awareness of error-making to directly affect a player's choice of strategy before any errors actually occur. I ...
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Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology / Department of Humanities

... Economists have long studied strategic situations that resemble the prisoner’s dilemma. Aggressive price competition may be one case in point, but excessive advertising expenditures by firms and the granting of production subsidies by governments may be others. Sequential vs. Simultaneous Play In so ...
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repeated games - Duke Computer Science

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Tutorial / Case study: The Prisoner s Dilemma Game

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... term. This indefinite game is called an Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma, and it has applications in everything from economics and political science to evolutionary biology. In evolution, the Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma can be used to look at the question: How can cooperation evolve? Does natural selecti ...
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Prisoner's dilemma

The prisoner's dilemma is a standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two completely ""rational"" individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher working at RAND in 1950. Albert W. Tucker formalized the game with prison sentence rewards and named it, ""prisoner's dilemma"" (Poundstone, 1992), presenting it as follows:Two members of a criminal gang are arrested and imprisoned. Each prisoner is in solitary confinement with no means of communicating with the other. The prosecutors lack sufficient evidence to convict the pair on the principal charge. They hope to get both sentenced to a year in prison on a lesser charge. Simultaneously, the prosecutors offer each prisoner a bargain. Each prisoner is given the opportunity either to: betray the other by testifying that the other committed the crime, or to cooperate with the other by remaining silent. The offer is: If A and B each betray the other, each of them serves 2 years in prison If A betrays B but B remains silent, A will be set free and B will serve 3 years in prison (and vice versa) If A and B both remain silent, both of them will only serve 1 year in prison (on the lesser charge)It is implied that the prisoners will have no opportunity to reward or punish their partner other than the prison sentences they get, and that their decision will not affect their reputation in the future. Because betraying a partner offers a greater reward than cooperating with him, all purely rational self-interested prisoners would betray the other, and so the only possible outcome for two purely rational prisoners is for them to betray each other. The interesting part of this result is that pursuing individual reward logically leads both of the prisoners to betray, when they would get a better reward if they both kept silent. In reality, humans display a systematic bias towards cooperative behavior in this and similar games, much more so than predicted by simple models of ""rational"" self-interested action. A model based on a different kind of rationality, where people forecast how the game would be played if they formed coalitions and then they maximize their forecasts, has been shown to make better predictions of the rate of cooperation in this and similar games given only the payoffs of the game.An extended ""iterated"" version of the game also exists, where the classic game is played repeatedly between the same prisoners, and consequently, both prisoners continuously have an opportunity to penalize the other for previous decisions. If the number of times the game will be played is known to the players, then (by backward induction) two classically rational players will betray each other repeatedly, for the same reasons as the single shot variant. In an infinite or unknown length game there is no fixed optimum strategy, and Prisoner's Dilemma tournaments have been held to compete and test algorithms.The prisoner's dilemma game can be used as a model for many real world situations involving cooperative behaviour. In casual usage, the label ""prisoner's dilemma"" may be applied to situations not strictly matching the formal criteria of the classic or iterative games: for instance, those in which two entities could gain important benefits from cooperating or suffer from the failure to do so, but find it merely difficult or expensive, not necessarily impossible, to coordinate their activities to achieve cooperation.
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