• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Decision-making Situations
Decision-making Situations

Hawk/Dove Simulation homework95
Hawk/Dove Simulation homework95

... randomly paired with each other to play a round of the game. They either gain or lose offspring based on the outcome of the game. Once everyone has played, each individual produces however many offspring it has ended up with (the initial "allowance" of offspring is large enough so that no one will e ...
10/(1+ δ)
10/(1+ δ)

... For both players to prefer alternating equilibrium strategies, both 10/(1- δ2) and δ[10/(1- δ2)] must be greater than 3/(1- δ). Since the discount factor is a number between zero and one, 10/(1- δ2) > δ[10/(1- δ2)], and so if δ[10/(1- δ2)] > 3/(1- δ), then 3/(1- δ) > 10/(1- δ2), so, for both players ...
1 ECON 40050 Game Theory Exam 1 - Answer Key Instructions: 1
1 ECON 40050 Game Theory Exam 1 - Answer Key Instructions: 1

Dardi on game theory
Dardi on game theory

... agreement by means of penalties. The expansion may consist of a number of repetitions of the game, provided no repetition is known with certainty to be the last one. In H-D: introduce correlated randomization (NB: not the independent randomization known as “mixed strategies”) of the outcomes. In som ...
M351 THEORY OF GRAPHS
M351 THEORY OF GRAPHS

Lecture 3
Lecture 3

... The KP chapter notes and AGT text point out criticisms regarding the relevance of Nash equilibria. There are many critiques (both positive and negative) about Nash equlibrium. Some of the arguments against NE are: The development thus far assumes each player has perfect an comolete information about ...
Homework 10 1. For this question, use the extensive form game
Homework 10 1. For this question, use the extensive form game

... (If p1 > p2 , then 1 − p1 < 1 − p2 , and p1 /(1 − p1 ) > p2 /(1 − p2 ).) Hence player 1’s payoff is p21 q + (1 − p1 )2 (1 − q). Again, to make it irrelevant what Player 2 plays, it needs to be the case that p21 = (1 − p1 )2 . It follows that p1 = 1/2. Hence, the player’s payoff from the behavioral s ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... Existence of a Bayesian Nash Equilibrium  In a finite static Bayesian game (i.e., where n is finite and (A1,…,An) and (T1,…,Tn) are all finite sets), there exists a Bayesian Nash equilibrium, perhaps in mixed strategies. Mixed-strategy in a Bayesian game: Player i is uncertain about player j’s cho ...
Page 1 Math 166 - Week in Review #11 Section 9.4
Page 1 Math 166 - Week in Review #11 Section 9.4

... (b) Is this game strictly determined? If yes, give the optimal strategies for R and C and state the value of the game. ...
historic-lecture-abo.. - Computer Science Intranet
historic-lecture-abo.. - Computer Science Intranet

Lecture 4
Lecture 4

The Logic of Animal Conflict
The Logic of Animal Conflict

... individual selection and forced biologists to re-think evolutionary explanations for many apparently altruistic behaviours seen in animals. Maynard Smith took up the challenge of providing an explanation for animal conflicts from the individual rather than the species point of view. Along with Georg ...
monopolistic competition - Università degli Studi di Macerata
monopolistic competition - Università degli Studi di Macerata

... Nash showed that in every game there are economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen. ...
Algorithmic Rationality: Adding Cost of Computation to Game Theory
Algorithmic Rationality: Adding Cost of Computation to Game Theory

Advanced Game Theory. mid-term exam re-take
Advanced Game Theory. mid-term exam re-take

... . If the firms gets demand 0. The demand function takes value of D(p) = √1+p charge equal prices, assume that demand is split evenly. 1. Find the pure strategy Nash Equilibrium Solution In pure strategies, undercutting the other firm (charging  less than the other firm) is always a good idea, for i ...
Introduction to Game Theory, Behavior and Networks
Introduction to Game Theory, Behavior and Networks

... – a distribution for each player (possibly different) – assume everyone knows all the distributions – but the “coin flips” used to select from player i’s distribution known only to i • “private randomness” • so only player I knows their actual choice of action • can people randomize? (more later) ...
PPT - UNC Computer Science
PPT - UNC Computer Science

Teoria dei giochi
Teoria dei giochi

game theory.
game theory.

... • Economists use game theory to study firms’ behavior when their payoffs are interdependent. • The game can be represented with a payoff matrix. Depending on the payoffs, a player may or may not have a dominant strategy. ...
Lecture Week 10
Lecture Week 10

... • This is an example of a prisoner’s dilemma type of game. – There is dominant strategy. – The dominant strategy does not result in the best outcome for either player. – It is hard to cooperate even when it would be beneficial for both players to do so ...
Oligoplies and Game Theory
Oligoplies and Game Theory

game
game

... So far we have only studied situations that were not “strategic”. ...
Introduction to Microeconomics
Introduction to Microeconomics

... B is weakly dominated by A: There is at least one set of opponents' actions for which B gives a worse outcome than A, while all other sets of opponents' actions give A at least the same payoff as B. (Strategy A weakly dominates B). B is strictly dominated by A: choosing B always gives a worse outcom ...
GEK1544 The Mathematics of Games Suggested Solutions to
GEK1544 The Mathematics of Games Suggested Solutions to

... 1. Consider a zero sum game between players A and B, with the payoffs for A shown in the following diagram . ...
< 1 ... 10 11 12 13 14 15 >

Prisoner's dilemma

The prisoner's dilemma is a standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two completely ""rational"" individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so. It was originally framed by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher working at RAND in 1950. Albert W. Tucker formalized the game with prison sentence rewards and named it, ""prisoner's dilemma"" (Poundstone, 1992), presenting it as follows:Two members of a criminal gang are arrested and imprisoned. Each prisoner is in solitary confinement with no means of communicating with the other. The prosecutors lack sufficient evidence to convict the pair on the principal charge. They hope to get both sentenced to a year in prison on a lesser charge. Simultaneously, the prosecutors offer each prisoner a bargain. Each prisoner is given the opportunity either to: betray the other by testifying that the other committed the crime, or to cooperate with the other by remaining silent. The offer is: If A and B each betray the other, each of them serves 2 years in prison If A betrays B but B remains silent, A will be set free and B will serve 3 years in prison (and vice versa) If A and B both remain silent, both of them will only serve 1 year in prison (on the lesser charge)It is implied that the prisoners will have no opportunity to reward or punish their partner other than the prison sentences they get, and that their decision will not affect their reputation in the future. Because betraying a partner offers a greater reward than cooperating with him, all purely rational self-interested prisoners would betray the other, and so the only possible outcome for two purely rational prisoners is for them to betray each other. The interesting part of this result is that pursuing individual reward logically leads both of the prisoners to betray, when they would get a better reward if they both kept silent. In reality, humans display a systematic bias towards cooperative behavior in this and similar games, much more so than predicted by simple models of ""rational"" self-interested action. A model based on a different kind of rationality, where people forecast how the game would be played if they formed coalitions and then they maximize their forecasts, has been shown to make better predictions of the rate of cooperation in this and similar games given only the payoffs of the game.An extended ""iterated"" version of the game also exists, where the classic game is played repeatedly between the same prisoners, and consequently, both prisoners continuously have an opportunity to penalize the other for previous decisions. If the number of times the game will be played is known to the players, then (by backward induction) two classically rational players will betray each other repeatedly, for the same reasons as the single shot variant. In an infinite or unknown length game there is no fixed optimum strategy, and Prisoner's Dilemma tournaments have been held to compete and test algorithms.The prisoner's dilemma game can be used as a model for many real world situations involving cooperative behaviour. In casual usage, the label ""prisoner's dilemma"" may be applied to situations not strictly matching the formal criteria of the classic or iterative games: for instance, those in which two entities could gain important benefits from cooperating or suffer from the failure to do so, but find it merely difficult or expensive, not necessarily impossible, to coordinate their activities to achieve cooperation.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report