CHANGING HOW EARTH SYSTEM MODELING IS DONE TO
... alternative resource allocations in the VDM. to one that uses the projections as a set of plausible examples of what might happen to decide on how best to act in that can be placed in their projections. By “confidence” light of that knowledge and uncertainty (Stainforth we mean an estimate of the pr ...
... alternative resource allocations in the VDM. to one that uses the projections as a set of plausible examples of what might happen to decide on how best to act in that can be placed in their projections. By “confidence” light of that knowledge and uncertainty (Stainforth we mean an estimate of the pr ...
An Initial Look at DoD`s Activities Toward Climate Change Resiliency
... RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF), a division of the RAND Corporation, is the U.S. Air Force’s federally funded research and development center for studies and analyses. PAF provides the Air Force with independent analyses of policy alternatives affecting the development, employmen ...
... RAND Project AIR FORCE RAND Project AIR FORCE (PAF), a division of the RAND Corporation, is the U.S. Air Force’s federally funded research and development center for studies and analyses. PAF provides the Air Force with independent analyses of policy alternatives affecting the development, employmen ...
The Politicization of Climate Change and Polarization in the American
... two political science perspectives—the elite cues hypothesis and informationprocessing theory—inform our analysis of the extent to which political ideology and party identification moderate the relationships between educational attainment and self-reported understanding of global warming on one side ...
... two political science perspectives—the elite cues hypothesis and informationprocessing theory—inform our analysis of the extent to which political ideology and party identification moderate the relationships between educational attainment and self-reported understanding of global warming on one side ...
Paleoclimate Implications for Human-Made
... Pleistocene climate variations. Surface albedo is an amplifying feedback, because the amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth increases when ice and snow area decreases. GHGs are also an amplifying feedback on millennial time scales, as warming ocean and soils drive more CO2, CH4 and N2O into the a ...
... Pleistocene climate variations. Surface albedo is an amplifying feedback, because the amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth increases when ice and snow area decreases. GHGs are also an amplifying feedback on millennial time scales, as warming ocean and soils drive more CO2, CH4 and N2O into the a ...
Climate influences the demography of three dominant sagebrush
... physiology and soil moisture, a key limiting resource at this semiarid site. Historical climate data do not show significant increases in mean annual temperature at the USSES, but, on average, winter temperatures have increased significantly over the last century (Appendix A). While model predictions ...
... physiology and soil moisture, a key limiting resource at this semiarid site. Historical climate data do not show significant increases in mean annual temperature at the USSES, but, on average, winter temperatures have increased significantly over the last century (Appendix A). While model predictions ...
filed a petition with the EPA - Center for International Environmental
... Centers, and the World Meteorological Organization all agree that 1998 was the warmest year on record.4 The temperature increases recorded in 1998 represent a steady trend over the past twenty years of record breaking global surface temperatures.5 The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climat ...
... Centers, and the World Meteorological Organization all agree that 1998 was the warmest year on record.4 The temperature increases recorded in 1998 represent a steady trend over the past twenty years of record breaking global surface temperatures.5 The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climat ...
PDF
... A significant effort has been spent by scientist from various disciplines to shed light on the causes and effects of climate change in recent years (Tol, 2010). Although there are still some controversies about the details (Idso and Singer, 2009), it is widely accepted that climate change has alread ...
... A significant effort has been spent by scientist from various disciplines to shed light on the causes and effects of climate change in recent years (Tol, 2010). Although there are still some controversies about the details (Idso and Singer, 2009), it is widely accepted that climate change has alread ...
Glacier variations and climate change in the central Himalaya over
... changes in the central Himalaya along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau are particularly interesting, as these are among the Earth’s highest peaks and the regional precipitation is dominated by the monsoon system. Here, meteorological stations are sparse, with relatively short-term instrume ...
... changes in the central Himalaya along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau are particularly interesting, as these are among the Earth’s highest peaks and the regional precipitation is dominated by the monsoon system. Here, meteorological stations are sparse, with relatively short-term instrume ...
W How to Take A R T I C L E S
... water diversion projects in California upon various threatened and endangered aquatic species. In two separate written opinions by Judge Oliver Wanger of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California, the court enjoined the water projects based upon a determination that the federal ...
... water diversion projects in California upon various threatened and endangered aquatic species. In two separate written opinions by Judge Oliver Wanger of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California, the court enjoined the water projects based upon a determination that the federal ...
“Venues for Contestation ” within the United Nations Framework
... This paper examines the role of subsidiary bodies and working groups within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in providing arenas for norm contestation. The UNFCCC acknowledged concern about and a determination to protect the climate system. However, it did not commi ...
... This paper examines the role of subsidiary bodies and working groups within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in providing arenas for norm contestation. The UNFCCC acknowledged concern about and a determination to protect the climate system. However, it did not commi ...
Stern Review
... Energy emissions are mostly CO2 (some non-CO2 in industry and other energy related). Non-energy emissions are CO2 (land use) and non-CO2 (agriculture and waste). ...
... Energy emissions are mostly CO2 (some non-CO2 in industry and other energy related). Non-energy emissions are CO2 (land use) and non-CO2 (agriculture and waste). ...
(2012), Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide
... stack had reached interglacial levels while nearly one-third of the excess global ice still remained, although we note that any ice-driven warming would have been partly offset by decreasing greenhouse gas forcing (Fig. 3c and Supplementary Fig. 29a). The apparently small influence of ice-sheet forc ...
... stack had reached interglacial levels while nearly one-third of the excess global ice still remained, although we note that any ice-driven warming would have been partly offset by decreasing greenhouse gas forcing (Fig. 3c and Supplementary Fig. 29a). The apparently small influence of ice-sheet forc ...
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use
... Because of the difficulty in observing the atmospheric circulation and its long-term trends, this review will not only rely on observation-based evidence but also include findings from general circulation models (GCMs). GCMs are certainly not perfect representations of the real system, but they are ...
... Because of the difficulty in observing the atmospheric circulation and its long-term trends, this review will not only rely on observation-based evidence but also include findings from general circulation models (GCMs). GCMs are certainly not perfect representations of the real system, but they are ...
Climate Change: Law, Policy, and Business
... PM (i.e. right before class) on the days they are due. You may write your term paper on whatever interests you, as long as it has something to do with law, business, and climate change. It should be somewhere in the 5000-6000 word range, but I’d welcome shorter or longer papers if appropriate. (What ...
... PM (i.e. right before class) on the days they are due. You may write your term paper on whatever interests you, as long as it has something to do with law, business, and climate change. It should be somewhere in the 5000-6000 word range, but I’d welcome shorter or longer papers if appropriate. (What ...
Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim?
... Ocean-caused delay is estimated in Fig. (S7) using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model. Onethird of the response occurs in the first few years, in part because of rapid response over land, one-half in ~25 years, three-quarters in 250 years, and nearly full response in a millennium. The ocean-caused del ...
... Ocean-caused delay is estimated in Fig. (S7) using a coupled atmosphere-ocean model. Onethird of the response occurs in the first few years, in part because of rapid response over land, one-half in ~25 years, three-quarters in 250 years, and nearly full response in a millennium. The ocean-caused del ...
The impact of climate change on growth of local white spruce
... Two types of climate transfer models were constructed in this study. The first ones, called temperature-transfer models, are based on temperature variables only. This type of model is used extensively in climate change studies. Assuming that trees respond not only to temperature but also to moisture ...
... Two types of climate transfer models were constructed in this study. The first ones, called temperature-transfer models, are based on temperature variables only. This type of model is used extensively in climate change studies. Assuming that trees respond not only to temperature but also to moisture ...
LCCARL263_en.pdf
... environmental characteristics in influencing the choices made by tourists. The study used a selfadministered questionnaire on tourists visiting Bonaire and Barbados – 316 from Bonaire and 338 from Barbados. The study established that warm temperatures, clear waters and low health risks were the main ...
... environmental characteristics in influencing the choices made by tourists. The study used a selfadministered questionnaire on tourists visiting Bonaire and Barbados – 316 from Bonaire and 338 from Barbados. The study established that warm temperatures, clear waters and low health risks were the main ...
Discounting and climate change - a non-marginal policy choice
... hence utility per capita both through the costs of adaptation and especially through residual impacts (we could specify utility as a direct function of environmental quality and hence climate change without loss of generality). Path u(cbt+Δlt) represents utility per capita along a path where greenho ...
... hence utility per capita both through the costs of adaptation and especially through residual impacts (we could specify utility as a direct function of environmental quality and hence climate change without loss of generality). Path u(cbt+Δlt) represents utility per capita along a path where greenho ...
CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE SUB~ANTARCTIC
... series from neighbouring sites to provide a baseline; as most of the sub-Antarctic stations are remote, such baselines arc often difficult to construct. There is no widely available set of meteorological data for sub-Antarctic stations of the high quality similar to the Antarctic data compiled by th ...
... series from neighbouring sites to provide a baseline; as most of the sub-Antarctic stations are remote, such baselines arc often difficult to construct. There is no widely available set of meteorological data for sub-Antarctic stations of the high quality similar to the Antarctic data compiled by th ...
Climate Change and Paleoecology: New Contexts for Restoration
... Of particular interest is the warming of the twentieth century. During the preceding fourcentury-long Little Ice Age, temperatures in western North America were on average 1°C colder than present; glaciers in many western North American mountain ranges were at their greatest extent since the end of ...
... Of particular interest is the warming of the twentieth century. During the preceding fourcentury-long Little Ice Age, temperatures in western North America were on average 1°C colder than present; glaciers in many western North American mountain ranges were at their greatest extent since the end of ...
Climate Policy
... international relations2 has indicated that the political behaviour of states cannot be explained merely through simple calculations of material interest and power, as earlier theories in the framework of political realism had posited. Instead, states are guided in their behaviour by international n ...
... international relations2 has indicated that the political behaviour of states cannot be explained merely through simple calculations of material interest and power, as earlier theories in the framework of political realism had posited. Instead, states are guided in their behaviour by international n ...
Human Impacts on Climate: A Broader View than Reported in the IPCC
... anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other important agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its ra ...
... anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other important agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its ra ...
THE IMPORTANCE OF CLIMATE AND WEATHER FOR TOURISM
... Climate and weather are important factors in tourists’ decision making and also influence the successful operation of tourism businesses. More specifically, climate is defined as the prevailing condition observed as a long term average in a location. In contrast, weather is the manifestation of clim ...
... Climate and weather are important factors in tourists’ decision making and also influence the successful operation of tourism businesses. More specifically, climate is defined as the prevailing condition observed as a long term average in a location. In contrast, weather is the manifestation of clim ...
Annex II Risk profile outline
... persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (UNEP/AMAP, 2011). The review of scientific findings and assessments on climate change effects on POPs was based on comprehensive evaluation of scientific results presented in peer-reviewed literature. The review was prepared by selected distinguished internation ...
... persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (UNEP/AMAP, 2011). The review of scientific findings and assessments on climate change effects on POPs was based on comprehensive evaluation of scientific results presented in peer-reviewed literature. The review was prepared by selected distinguished internation ...
Climatic Research Unit documents
Climatic Research Unit documents including thousands of e-mails and other computer files were stolen from a server at the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia in a hacking incident in November 2009. The documents were redistributed first through the blogosphere of global warming skeptics, and allegations were made that they indicated misconduct by leading climate scientists. A series of investigations rejected these allegations, while concluding that CRU scientists should have been more open with distributing data and methods on request. Precisely six committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct. The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged by the end of the investigations.The incident occurred shortly before the opening December 2009 Copenhagen global climate summit. It has prompted general discussion about increasing the openness of scientific data (though the majority of climate data have always been freely available). Scientists, scientific organisations, and government officials have stated that the incident does not affect the overall scientific case for climate change. Andrew Revkin reported in the New York Times that ""The evidence pointing to a growing human contribution to global warming is so widely accepted that the hacked material is unlikely to erode the overall argument.""