Historical and idealized climate model experiments
... Earth system AOGCMs. New subcomponents (for example, continental ice sheets, representations of peatlands, wetlands or permafrost) are often developed within the EMIC framework before they are embedded into coupled AOGCMs, because development and testing is less computationally expensive. In additio ...
... Earth system AOGCMs. New subcomponents (for example, continental ice sheets, representations of peatlands, wetlands or permafrost) are often developed within the EMIC framework before they are embedded into coupled AOGCMs, because development and testing is less computationally expensive. In additio ...
Adapting for a green economy updated
... with a national, regional or global reach that are interested in increasing their strategic focus on adaptation in developing countries where they have operations, supply chains, employees and current or potential customers. While many companies are focused on climate change mitigation — slowing the ...
... with a national, regional or global reach that are interested in increasing their strategic focus on adaptation in developing countries where they have operations, supply chains, employees and current or potential customers. While many companies are focused on climate change mitigation — slowing the ...
Ecosystems and Wildlife: Climate Change Adaptation Plan
... Guidance Document also outlines more specifically how climate change can be incorporated into each of the “eight elements” required in the original Wildlife Action Plans. While not required of individual states, updating plans to better address climate change is a first step in the revision of Wildl ...
... Guidance Document also outlines more specifically how climate change can be incorporated into each of the “eight elements” required in the original Wildlife Action Plans. While not required of individual states, updating plans to better address climate change is a first step in the revision of Wildl ...
Phenological response of tundra plants to background climate
... equate to a greater proportional increase to growing season temperatures in the high Arctic than the other climate zones. This hypothesis is supported by the results of the first ITEX synthesis [11] that reported stronger evidence for earlier anthesis and leaf bud break in response to experimental w ...
... equate to a greater proportional increase to growing season temperatures in the high Arctic than the other climate zones. This hypothesis is supported by the results of the first ITEX synthesis [11] that reported stronger evidence for earlier anthesis and leaf bud break in response to experimental w ...
Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
... Technical Report, a preliminary Adaptation Strategy Report, and a Community Action Plan with recommendations for future adaptation options and strategies. This technical report comprises the first milestone of the project. It represents the work of a multidisciplinary team led by staff of the Swinom ...
... Technical Report, a preliminary Adaptation Strategy Report, and a Community Action Plan with recommendations for future adaptation options and strategies. This technical report comprises the first milestone of the project. It represents the work of a multidisciplinary team led by staff of the Swinom ...
Modelling the Miocene climatic optimum, Part 1: land and atmosphere
... an expected result given the lower meridional temperature gradient (Fig. 2a). The subtropical ...
... an expected result given the lower meridional temperature gradient (Fig. 2a). The subtropical ...
Climate Change, Sea-Level Rise and the Vulnerability of
... sea-level events (indicated by the diameter of the discs), caused by a sea-level rise of 0.1 m. The present statistics of extreme sea levels may be integrated with projections of the rise in mean sea level (and their associated uncertainties), in order to provide estimates of the statistics of futur ...
... sea-level events (indicated by the diameter of the discs), caused by a sea-level rise of 0.1 m. The present statistics of extreme sea levels may be integrated with projections of the rise in mean sea level (and their associated uncertainties), in order to provide estimates of the statistics of futur ...
Climate Threatens TI - northwesterndebateinstitute2012
... transportation impacts mentioned most often in the literature included pavement damage; rail buckling; less lift and fuel efficiency for aircraft; and the implications of lower inland water levels, thawing permafrost, reduced ice cover on seaways, and an increase in vegetation. These are discussed i ...
... transportation impacts mentioned most often in the literature included pavement damage; rail buckling; less lift and fuel efficiency for aircraft; and the implications of lower inland water levels, thawing permafrost, reduced ice cover on seaways, and an increase in vegetation. These are discussed i ...
Technical Summary
... Climate change: A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal process ...
... Climate change: A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal process ...
Improving Societal Outcomes of Extreme Weather in a Changing
... impacts of extreme weather result from complex interactions among physical and human systems across spatial and temporal scales. This article synthesizes current interdisciplinary knowledge about extreme weather, including temperature extremes (heat and cold waves), precipitation extremes (including ...
... impacts of extreme weather result from complex interactions among physical and human systems across spatial and temporal scales. This article synthesizes current interdisciplinary knowledge about extreme weather, including temperature extremes (heat and cold waves), precipitation extremes (including ...
Avoiding Adaptation Apartheid: Climate Change Adaptation and
... ADAPTATION THROUGH THE LENS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW...................................................... ...
... ADAPTATION THROUGH THE LENS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW...................................................... ...
Exploring high-end scenarios for local sea level rise to
... range of sea level projections. We refrain from assigning a likelihood to this high-end scenario because of the limits of current knowledge. The outcome should therefore be taken as indicative of what is - according to our expert judgment and based on the current level of scientific understanding - ...
... range of sea level projections. We refrain from assigning a likelihood to this high-end scenario because of the limits of current knowledge. The outcome should therefore be taken as indicative of what is - according to our expert judgment and based on the current level of scientific understanding - ...
Debating Climate Economics: The Stern Review vs
... human actions create “risks of major disruption to economic and social activity, on a scale similar to those associated with the great wars and the economic depression of the first half of the 20th century.”4 American readers should remember that this was written in a country where World Wars I and ...
... human actions create “risks of major disruption to economic and social activity, on a scale similar to those associated with the great wars and the economic depression of the first half of the 20th century.”4 American readers should remember that this was written in a country where World Wars I and ...
PDF
... (Howden et al., 2007); increasing labour or livestock input per hectare to increase productivity (Mortimore and Adams, 2001); increasing regional farm diversity (Reidsma and Ewert, 2008); and shifting to nonfarm livelihoods (Morton, 2007). Besides ensuring smooth operation some practices may even ha ...
... (Howden et al., 2007); increasing labour or livestock input per hectare to increase productivity (Mortimore and Adams, 2001); increasing regional farm diversity (Reidsma and Ewert, 2008); and shifting to nonfarm livelihoods (Morton, 2007). Besides ensuring smooth operation some practices may even ha ...
1.3 Verb-based nominalizations
... but also to gain and express knowledge. Many linguists such as Halliday and Hassan (1976), Beaugrande and Dressler (1981), Valeika (1985), Swales (1990), Downing and Locke (1992), Martin (1992), and others have studied and analysed different types of discourse in order to understand how language var ...
... but also to gain and express knowledge. Many linguists such as Halliday and Hassan (1976), Beaugrande and Dressler (1981), Valeika (1985), Swales (1990), Downing and Locke (1992), Martin (1992), and others have studied and analysed different types of discourse in order to understand how language var ...
The influence of volcanic eruptions on the climate
... signals will be an avenue for future research. This can also better inform debate centered on the inverse problem in interpreting isotopic signals (i.e., what do observed changes in proxy data imply about past climate changes?), which remains contentious (Sect. 1.4). The structure of this article is ...
... signals will be an avenue for future research. This can also better inform debate centered on the inverse problem in interpreting isotopic signals (i.e., what do observed changes in proxy data imply about past climate changes?), which remains contentious (Sect. 1.4). The structure of this article is ...
Geoengineering Governance
... Mounting evidence of the seriousness of the climate change problem has prompted increased domestic and international efforts to slow or counter expected changes. The main focus of such efforts has been to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whether through cap-and-trade schemes, vehicle emission st ...
... Mounting evidence of the seriousness of the climate change problem has prompted increased domestic and international efforts to slow or counter expected changes. The main focus of such efforts has been to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, whether through cap-and-trade schemes, vehicle emission st ...
Co-benefits of climate policy
... Global climate policy will reduce outdoor air pollution A stringent global climate policy will lead to considerable improvements in local air quality and consequently improves health. Measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to 50% of 2005 levels, by 2050, can reduce the number of premature ...
... Global climate policy will reduce outdoor air pollution A stringent global climate policy will lead to considerable improvements in local air quality and consequently improves health. Measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to 50% of 2005 levels, by 2050, can reduce the number of premature ...
Assessment Report
... caused mainly by the atmospheric emission of СО2 and other greenhouse gases primarily as a result of the use of fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil products. Man-made global climate change is often difficult to isolate from natural climatic variability and local human impact. However we must begi ...
... caused mainly by the atmospheric emission of СО2 and other greenhouse gases primarily as a result of the use of fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil products. Man-made global climate change is often difficult to isolate from natural climatic variability and local human impact. However we must begi ...
Transformational adaptation
... transformation from recent literature (Table 1 is an adaptation of this). Using this table it is possible to draw out criteria (given below in Table 2) they cited as enabling us to distinguish between incremental and transformational adaptation. Many of these criteria are common between definitions, ...
... transformation from recent literature (Table 1 is an adaptation of this). Using this table it is possible to draw out criteria (given below in Table 2) they cited as enabling us to distinguish between incremental and transformational adaptation. Many of these criteria are common between definitions, ...
Working Paper 214 - Waldinger (opens in new window)
... 5. Future generations and social justice 6. Growth and the economy 7. International environmental negotiations 8. Modelling and decision making 9. Private sector adaptation, risk and insurance More information about the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment can be found a ...
... 5. Future generations and social justice 6. Growth and the economy 7. International environmental negotiations 8. Modelling and decision making 9. Private sector adaptation, risk and insurance More information about the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment can be found a ...
what happens in the arctic doesn`t stay in the arctic
... a reality for us all. Arctic ice, the northern cryosphere, is an integral part of the earth’s climate systems and has undergone rapid changes over the last century. The Arctic region has warmed more than two times as fast as any other area of the world in the previous few decades and is known to be ...
... a reality for us all. Arctic ice, the northern cryosphere, is an integral part of the earth’s climate systems and has undergone rapid changes over the last century. The Arctic region has warmed more than two times as fast as any other area of the world in the previous few decades and is known to be ...
Climate Change Reporting Framework – Edition 1.1 October 2012
... • enable investors to assess the climate change-related strategies adopted by the organization, the governance processes in place to manage them and the likelihood that those strategies will be successful; • provide transparent and consistent climate change-related information over time that enabl ...
... • enable investors to assess the climate change-related strategies adopted by the organization, the governance processes in place to manage them and the likelihood that those strategies will be successful; • provide transparent and consistent climate change-related information over time that enabl ...
Assessing species and area vulnerability to climate change for the
... Executive Summary In response to the rapid onset of global climate change, many government and non-governmental conservation organizations are focusing resources on developing management strategies to assess biodiversity vulnerability and develop adaption strategies for a changing world. An importa ...
... Executive Summary In response to the rapid onset of global climate change, many government and non-governmental conservation organizations are focusing resources on developing management strategies to assess biodiversity vulnerability and develop adaption strategies for a changing world. An importa ...
3 Professor Christos ZEREFOS Parousiasi
... by 3,1 W/m2 (SRES B2) by 4,1 W/m2 (SRES A2) The increase is more prominent over land, especially in western and northern parts Mean Annual Downward Sort Wave Surface Radiation Change between 2071-2100 and 1961-1990 ...
... by 3,1 W/m2 (SRES B2) by 4,1 W/m2 (SRES A2) The increase is more prominent over land, especially in western and northern parts Mean Annual Downward Sort Wave Surface Radiation Change between 2071-2100 and 1961-1990 ...
Scientific opinion on climate change
The scientific opinion on climate change is the overall judgment amongst scientists about whether global warming is happening, and if so, its causes and probable consequences. This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists. Individual scientists, universities, and laboratories contribute to the overall scientific opinion via their peer-reviewed publications, and the areas of collective agreement and relative certainty are summarised in these high level reports and surveys.The scientific consensus is that the Earth's climate system is unequivocally warming, and that it is extremely likely (at least 95% probability) that humans are causing most of it through activities that increase concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels. In addition, it is likely that some potential further greenhouse gas warming has been offset by increased aerosols.National and international science academies and scientific societies have assessed current scientific opinion on global warming. These assessments are generally consistent with the conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report summarized:Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.Benefits and costs of climate change for [human] society will vary widely by location and scale. Some of the effects in temperate and polar regions will be positive and others elsewhere will be negative. Overall, net effects are more likely to be strongly negative with larger or more rapid warming.The range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time.The resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded this century by an unprecedented combination of climate change, associated disturbances (e.g. flooding, drought, wildfire, insects, ocean acidification) and other global change drivers (e.g. land-use change, pollution, fragmentation of natural systems, over-exploitation of resources).Some scientific bodies have recommended specific policies to governments and science can play a role in informing an effective response to climate change, however, policy decisions may require value judgements and so are not included in the scientific opinion.No scientific body of national or international standing maintains a formal opinion dissenting from any of these main points. The last national or international scientific body to drop dissent was the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, which in 2007 updated its statement to its current non-committal position. Some other organizations, primarily those focusing on geology, also hold non-committal positions.