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Programming Languages (PL)
Programming Languages (PL)

... For both a primitive and a compound type, informally describe the values that have that type. [Familiarity] For a language with a static type system, describe the operations that are forbidden statically, such as passing the wrong type of value to a function or method. [Familiarity] Describe example ...
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The Fun of Programming - Department of Computer Science, Oxford
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... Functional programming has come of age: it is now a standard course in any computer science curriculum. Ideas that were first developed in the laboratory environment of functional programming have proved their values in wider settings, such as generic Java and XML. The time is ripe, therefore, to te ...
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CS 331, Principles of Programming Languages

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Programming language



A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms.The earliest programming languages preceded the invention of the digital computer and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, and many more still are being created every year. Many programming languages require computation to be specified in an imperative form (i.e., as a sequence of operations to perform), while other languages use other forms of program specification such as the declarative form (i.e. the desired result is specified, not how to achieve it).The description of a programming language is usually split into the two components of syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by a specification document (for example, the C programming language is specified by an ISO Standard), while other languages (such as Perl) have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference.
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