• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Injective spaces via the filter monad
Injective spaces via the filter monad

Geodetic topological cycles in locally finite graphs
Geodetic topological cycles in locally finite graphs

E.7 Alaoglu`s Theorem
E.7 Alaoglu`s Theorem

... call T . Since this is a smaller family of seminorms, we have T ⊆ σ(X ∗ , X). Suppose that µ ∈ X ∗ and ρxn (µ) = 0 for every n ∈ N. Then we have hxn , µi = 0 for every n. Since {xn }n∈N is dense in X and µ is continuous, this implies that µ = 0. Consequently, by Exercise E.17, the topology T is Haus ...
Houston Journal of Mathematics
Houston Journal of Mathematics

... . ob vlous, since r and ra share the classes of dense subsets classes of sg-open subsets (see [l]). (4) + (1). Let x E Xi and suppose of intF, and without ...
Topology Proceedings 32 (2008) pp. 363
Topology Proceedings 32 (2008) pp. 363

22. The Quotient Topology Defn: Let X and Y be topological spaces
22. The Quotient Topology Defn: Let X and Y be topological spaces

A Class of Separation Axioms in Generalized Topology
A Class of Separation Axioms in Generalized Topology

Decompositions of normality and interrelation among its variants
Decompositions of normality and interrelation among its variants

... Continuing in this manner we obtain a collection V = {Vα : α ∈ Λ} of open sets which is a shrinking of U provided V covers X. Let x ∈ X, since V is a point finite open cover of X, x belongs to finitely many members of U, say Uα1 , Uα2 , . . . , Uαk . Suppose α = max{α1 , α2 , . . . , αk }. Now x ∈ / ...
SYMBOLIC DYNAMICS Contents Introduction 1 1. Dynamics 2 1.1
SYMBOLIC DYNAMICS Contents Introduction 1 1. Dynamics 2 1.1

NEIGHBORHOOD SPACES
NEIGHBORHOOD SPACES

1 Overview 2 Sheaves on Topological Spaces
1 Overview 2 Sheaves on Topological Spaces

a note on nearly paracompactness
a note on nearly paracompactness

oi(a) = 5>(0,C,). - American Mathematical Society
oi(a) = 5>(0,C,). - American Mathematical Society

A Note on Paracompact Spaces Ernest Michael Proceedings of the
A Note on Paracompact Spaces Ernest Michael Proceedings of the

Quotient spaces
Quotient spaces

KukielaAlex.pdf
KukielaAlex.pdf

Door Spaces On Generalized Topology
Door Spaces On Generalized Topology

SHAPIRO`S LEMMA FOR TOPOLOGICAL K
SHAPIRO`S LEMMA FOR TOPOLOGICAL K

Ordered spaces with special bases
Ordered spaces with special bases

FULL TEXT - RS Publication
FULL TEXT - RS Publication

Jan van MILL and Alexander SCHRIJVER Often, an important: class
Jan van MILL and Alexander SCHRIJVER Often, an important: class

3. Geometric Notions
3. Geometric Notions

4 COMPACTNESS AXIOMS
4 COMPACTNESS AXIOMS

Fuchsian Groups: Intro
Fuchsian Groups: Intro

... to G. We directly exhibit the homomorphism φ : G → C −1 GC given by φ : T 7→ C −1 T C, along with its inverse µ : V 7→ CV C −1 . If the conjugator is chosen from PSL(2, R), then it preserves distances in H and hence will also respect the topological properties of the group its applied to. In particu ...
5a.pdf
5a.pdf

... M where two are equivalent if there is an isometry homotopic to the identity between them. In order to understand hyperbolic structures on a surface we will cut the surface up into simple pieces, analyze structures on these pieces, and study the ways they can be put together. Before doing this we ne ...
< 1 ... 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 ... 127 >

Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report