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Chapter I, Section 6
Chapter I, Section 6

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On Slightly Omega Continuous Multifunctions

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... (b) Every upper-lower semi continuous multifunction from ( X , r ) into a space (Y, 7) is upper-lower D-super continuous. Proof. (a)=>(b):Obvious (b)=>(a):Take (Y, 7) = ( X , 7-). Then the identity multifunction Ix on X is upper-lower semi continuous and hence upper-lower D-super continuous.Thus by ...
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... Suppose there is a convex subset B ⊆ t+ such that ψ −1 (B) is disconnected. Then ψ −1 (B) is the disjoint union of two non-empty open subsets, say U and V . Let u ∈ ψ(U ) and v ∈ ψ(V ) . Since B is convex, we have uv ⊆ B , hence X := ψ −1 (uv) ⊆ ψ −1 (B) . Thus, X = (X ∩ U ) ∪ (X ∩ V ) is the disjoi ...
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Michael`s theory of continuous selections. Development

arXiv:math/0412558v2 [math.GN] 10 Apr 2016
arXiv:math/0412558v2 [math.GN] 10 Apr 2016

... immediately fit into the hierarchy formed by the others that we have named (see Figure 1.1). That a first countable normal space need not be perfectly normal is well known. Furthermore, [Arens(1950)] has given an example of a perfectly normal space that is not sequential. It seems, however, that the ...
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Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
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