Study of Biologic Attributes of Cuban Dengue 2 Virus after Serial
... 27 amino acid alterations scattered throughout the genome.’ However, because it is not easy to determine which changes are actually responsible for loss of virulence and which may be unimportant, it would be useful to compare the sequences of different strains at different PDK passage levels.’ One o ...
... 27 amino acid alterations scattered throughout the genome.’ However, because it is not easy to determine which changes are actually responsible for loss of virulence and which may be unimportant, it would be useful to compare the sequences of different strains at different PDK passage levels.’ One o ...
Vector Competence of California Mosquitoes for West Nile virus
... similar role in California, especially in urban environments. We defined members of the Cx. pipiens complex on the basis of the geographic location of collection and on previously described hybrid zones in California (23). Consequently, we considered members of the complex collected from northern Ca ...
... similar role in California, especially in urban environments. We defined members of the Cx. pipiens complex on the basis of the geographic location of collection and on previously described hybrid zones in California (23). Consequently, we considered members of the complex collected from northern Ca ...
A low-pathogenic variant of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV
... RT-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed the putative low-pathogenic ISAV-HPR0 subtype in all cases. Results demonstrated that ISAV-HPR0 appeared as a seasonal and transient infection without detectable ISA mortality or pathology. This finding, coupled to an apparent gill tropism of ISAV-HPR0, suggests IS ...
... RT-PCR. Sequence analysis revealed the putative low-pathogenic ISAV-HPR0 subtype in all cases. Results demonstrated that ISAV-HPR0 appeared as a seasonal and transient infection without detectable ISA mortality or pathology. This finding, coupled to an apparent gill tropism of ISAV-HPR0, suggests IS ...
Pink Eye
... Viral and bacterial pinkeye are contagious and spread very easily. Since most pinkeye is caused by viruses for which there is usually no medical treatment, preventing its spread is important. Poor hand-washing is the main cause of the spread of pinkeye. Sharing an object, such as a washcloth or towe ...
... Viral and bacterial pinkeye are contagious and spread very easily. Since most pinkeye is caused by viruses for which there is usually no medical treatment, preventing its spread is important. Poor hand-washing is the main cause of the spread of pinkeye. Sharing an object, such as a washcloth or towe ...
2.2.4 Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis
... Horizontal transmission has been demonstrated; waterborne transmission can be accomplished in the laboratory. Clinically infected juvenile salmonids and carrier adults are the reservoirs of virus for waterborne transmission. No other reservoirs of virus have been identified. Evidence for vertical tr ...
... Horizontal transmission has been demonstrated; waterborne transmission can be accomplished in the laboratory. Clinically infected juvenile salmonids and carrier adults are the reservoirs of virus for waterborne transmission. No other reservoirs of virus have been identified. Evidence for vertical tr ...
Development of Field-Based Real-Time Reverse Transcription
... A second re-emerging alphavirus, ONNV, was first isolated in 1959 and has been associated with relatively few outbreaks. However, several large-scale epidemics have occurred, including one during 1959–1962 in northern Uganda that involved more than two million cases.10,11 In 1996, ONNV reappeared af ...
... A second re-emerging alphavirus, ONNV, was first isolated in 1959 and has been associated with relatively few outbreaks. However, several large-scale epidemics have occurred, including one during 1959–1962 in northern Uganda that involved more than two million cases.10,11 In 1996, ONNV reappeared af ...
Polio Virus - UCSF Office of Research
... The virus is transmitted from person to person primarily by the direct fecal-oral contact, but may also be transmitted by indirect contact with infectious saliva or feces, or by contaminated sewage or water. The first paralytic manifestations usually occur 7-21 days from initial infection. The perio ...
... The virus is transmitted from person to person primarily by the direct fecal-oral contact, but may also be transmitted by indirect contact with infectious saliva or feces, or by contaminated sewage or water. The first paralytic manifestations usually occur 7-21 days from initial infection. The perio ...
Interleukin-18 improves the early defence system against influenza
... increases the severity of diseases with lethal endotoxaemia (Dinarello, 2000; Lauw et al., 1999; Netea et al., 2000). Importantly, IL-18 elicits antiviral activity in the acute phase of infection. In the case of vaccinia virus infection, IL-18 is involved in various host defence mechanisms, includin ...
... increases the severity of diseases with lethal endotoxaemia (Dinarello, 2000; Lauw et al., 1999; Netea et al., 2000). Importantly, IL-18 elicits antiviral activity in the acute phase of infection. In the case of vaccinia virus infection, IL-18 is involved in various host defence mechanisms, includin ...
EHV-1 Consensus Statement Equine Herpesvirus-1
... thought that viral reactivation in latently infected mares leads to foal infection in this circumstance.24 When horses are first infected, latency is established in both the lymphoreticular system and in the trigeminal ganglion.4 Estimates of the prevalence of EHV-1 infection based on viral detection ...
... thought that viral reactivation in latently infected mares leads to foal infection in this circumstance.24 When horses are first infected, latency is established in both the lymphoreticular system and in the trigeminal ganglion.4 Estimates of the prevalence of EHV-1 infection based on viral detection ...
Equine Herpesvirus-1 Consensus Statement
... thought that viral reactivation in latently infected mares leads to foal infection in this circumstance.24 When horses are first infected, latency is established in both the lymphoreticular system and in the trigeminal ganglion.4 Estimates of the prevalence of EHV-1 infection based on viral detection ...
... thought that viral reactivation in latently infected mares leads to foal infection in this circumstance.24 When horses are first infected, latency is established in both the lymphoreticular system and in the trigeminal ganglion.4 Estimates of the prevalence of EHV-1 infection based on viral detection ...
Equine Herpesvirus-1 Consensus Statement
... thought that viral reactivation in latently infected mares leads to foal infection in this circumstance.24 When horses are first infected, latency is established in both the lymphoreticular system and in the trigeminal ganglion.4 Estimates of the prevalence of EHV-1 infection based on viral detection ...
... thought that viral reactivation in latently infected mares leads to foal infection in this circumstance.24 When horses are first infected, latency is established in both the lymphoreticular system and in the trigeminal ganglion.4 Estimates of the prevalence of EHV-1 infection based on viral detection ...
Heartland Virus–Associated Death in Tennessee
... were present in the current HRTV case-patient. Further, more severe SFTSV infections have been observed in patients with underlying chronic disease [7]. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy has been described in some cases of SFTSV infection, but was not seen in this or in the previous HRTV case ...
... were present in the current HRTV case-patient. Further, more severe SFTSV infections have been observed in patients with underlying chronic disease [7]. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy has been described in some cases of SFTSV infection, but was not seen in this or in the previous HRTV case ...
2009 Influenza A & Building’s Indoor Air
... The 2009 Swine Flu Pandemic is being caused by a Novel Influenza Virus called nH1N1 •The “n” before H1N1 denotes that it is a Novel virus. •Novel viruses cause pandemics because no one has immunity antibodies to the novel virus. •INFECTED PERSONS can transmit virions before they become physically s ...
... The 2009 Swine Flu Pandemic is being caused by a Novel Influenza Virus called nH1N1 •The “n” before H1N1 denotes that it is a Novel virus. •Novel viruses cause pandemics because no one has immunity antibodies to the novel virus. •INFECTED PERSONS can transmit virions before they become physically s ...
Peter Josling`s PowerPoint on AllicinCenter Products and their uses
... The SARS outbreak of 2002 showed how air travel can have an important role in the rapid spread of newly emerging infections and could potentially even start pandemics. In 2009 the latest “pandemic” is Swine Flu with thousands infected – and most often young people. ...
... The SARS outbreak of 2002 showed how air travel can have an important role in the rapid spread of newly emerging infections and could potentially even start pandemics. In 2009 the latest “pandemic” is Swine Flu with thousands infected – and most often young people. ...
Chapter 8: Lactate Dehydrogenase
... Macrophages from LDV infected mice display an increased potential to produce ______ ______. These macrophages also express enhanced levels of ____ and _______ receptors, and have increased ________ activity. T or F: The ability of macrophages to present antigens appears to be impaired. LDV infection ...
... Macrophages from LDV infected mice display an increased potential to produce ______ ______. These macrophages also express enhanced levels of ____ and _______ receptors, and have increased ________ activity. T or F: The ability of macrophages to present antigens appears to be impaired. LDV infection ...
Update on Infectious Enterocolitides
... creatures, but only recently in humans – A. hydrophila, A. veronii, and A. sobria now recognized as important to human GI disease ...
... creatures, but only recently in humans – A. hydrophila, A. veronii, and A. sobria now recognized as important to human GI disease ...
REVIEW ARTICLE The Biology of Coronaviruses
... that the majority of MHV temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants have a m R N A - phenotype and these mutants can be divided into five or six non-overlapping complementation groups. Whether these groups represent different polymerase components, presumably encoded within the unique sequences at the 5' en ...
... that the majority of MHV temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants have a m R N A - phenotype and these mutants can be divided into five or six non-overlapping complementation groups. Whether these groups represent different polymerase components, presumably encoded within the unique sequences at the 5' en ...
Influenza A/H5 - Global Marketing Services
... **WHO recommendations on the use of rapid testing for influenza diagnosis ; - Influenza surveillance should be used to guide the optimal use of RAT (rapid antigen test). - At the beginning of the influenza season or an influenza outbreak, RAT may influence on clinical decisions and contribute to cli ...
... **WHO recommendations on the use of rapid testing for influenza diagnosis ; - Influenza surveillance should be used to guide the optimal use of RAT (rapid antigen test). - At the beginning of the influenza season or an influenza outbreak, RAT may influence on clinical decisions and contribute to cli ...
infections with influenza viruses, respiratory
... The remaining 45% of the cases may have been caused by other viruses (adenovirus, coronavirus, rinovirus bocavirus, etc..) or bacteria that should be further investigated. Detection rate of mixed infections was very low (2%). Several researchers have reported coinfection rates of approximately 10-30 ...
... The remaining 45% of the cases may have been caused by other viruses (adenovirus, coronavirus, rinovirus bocavirus, etc..) or bacteria that should be further investigated. Detection rate of mixed infections was very low (2%). Several researchers have reported coinfection rates of approximately 10-30 ...
Association of DC-SIGN Promoter Polymorphism with
... There is considerable debate about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie and restrict acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In light of recent studies demonstrating the ability of C type lectins to facilitate infection with HIV-1, we explored the potential relation ...
... There is considerable debate about the fundamental mechanisms that underlie and restrict acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In light of recent studies demonstrating the ability of C type lectins to facilitate infection with HIV-1, we explored the potential relation ...
H1N1 Influenza Fact Sheet
... No. H1N1 flu viruses are not transmitted by food. You cannot get H1N1 flu from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork and pork products is safe. Cooking pork to an internal temperature of 160°F kills all viruses and other food-borne pathogens. How serious is H1N1 flu i ...
... No. H1N1 flu viruses are not transmitted by food. You cannot get H1N1 flu from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork and pork products is safe. Cooking pork to an internal temperature of 160°F kills all viruses and other food-borne pathogens. How serious is H1N1 flu i ...
Avian infectious bronchitis
... RT-PCR genotyping methods have largely replaced HI and VN serotyping for determining the identity of a field strain. The molecular basis of antigenic variation has been investigated, usually by nucleotide sequencing of the gene coding for the spike (S) protein or, more specifically, nucleotide seque ...
... RT-PCR genotyping methods have largely replaced HI and VN serotyping for determining the identity of a field strain. The molecular basis of antigenic variation has been investigated, usually by nucleotide sequencing of the gene coding for the spike (S) protein or, more specifically, nucleotide seque ...
Genomic and phylogenetic characterization of Brazilian yellow fever
... forest canopy, the primary vertebrate hosts; humans are infected upon invasion of the natural ecosystem where the virus exists. In Brazil, the virus is responsible for jungle yellow fever outbreaks with high case fatality rates. It is transmitted to humans by mosquito bites of the genera Haemagogus ...
... forest canopy, the primary vertebrate hosts; humans are infected upon invasion of the natural ecosystem where the virus exists. In Brazil, the virus is responsible for jungle yellow fever outbreaks with high case fatality rates. It is transmitted to humans by mosquito bites of the genera Haemagogus ...
Ebola vaccine 2014: remained problems to be answer
... the interest on vaccine development by the main pharmaceutical company of the world might not be much at the early phase of outbreak. For sure, many tropical infectious diseases in poor tropical countries usually get less interest on funding and researching for vaccine development by pharmaceutical ...
... the interest on vaccine development by the main pharmaceutical company of the world might not be much at the early phase of outbreak. For sure, many tropical infectious diseases in poor tropical countries usually get less interest on funding and researching for vaccine development by pharmaceutical ...
Norovirus
Norovirus, sometimes known as the winter vomiting bug in the UK, is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans. It affects people of all ages. The virus is transmitted by fecally contaminated food or water, by person-to-person contact, and via aerosolization of the virus and subsequent contamination of surfaces. The virus affects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths each year; these deaths are usually in less developed countries and in the very young, elderly and immunosuppressed.Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea, projectile vomiting, malodorous watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, and low-grade fever may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting, and severe illness is rare. Although having norovirus can be unpleasant, it is not usually dangerous and most who contract it make a full recovery within a couple of days. Norovirus is rapidly inactivated by either sufficient heating or by chlorine-based disinfectants and polyquaternary amines, but the virus is less susceptible to alcohols and detergents.After infection, immunity to norovirus is usually incomplete and temporary, with one publication drawing the conclusion that protective immunity to the same strain of norovirus lasts for six months, but that all such immunity is gone after two years. Outbreaks of norovirus infection often occur in closed or semiclosed communities, such as long-term care facilities, overnight camps, hospitals, schools, prisons, dormitories, and cruise ships, where the infection spreads very rapidly either by person-to-person transmission or through contaminated food. Many norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by one infected person.The genus name Norovirus is derived from Norwalk virus, the only species of the genus. The species causes approximately 90% of epidemic nonbacterial outbreaks of gastroenteritis around the world, and may be responsible for 50% of all foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States.