Ecological subsystems via graph theory: the role of
... direction of the arrows that connect the nodes. By ideally moving along these arrows we can connect, in principle, any two nodes that are far apart from one another several trophic steps. Whenever one such connection exists, the combination of arrows that form it, is called ‘‘path’’. A ‘‘cycle’’ is ...
... direction of the arrows that connect the nodes. By ideally moving along these arrows we can connect, in principle, any two nodes that are far apart from one another several trophic steps. Whenever one such connection exists, the combination of arrows that form it, is called ‘‘path’’. A ‘‘cycle’’ is ...
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Interactions across Aquatic
... ecosystems (Menge, 2000). These may result from consumption, consistent with the mathematical foundation of classic food chain models, or through nonconsumptive effects whereby prey behavior or traits are altered by limiting foraging excursions or inducing the production of defensive structures or c ...
... ecosystems (Menge, 2000). These may result from consumption, consistent with the mathematical foundation of classic food chain models, or through nonconsumptive effects whereby prey behavior or traits are altered by limiting foraging excursions or inducing the production of defensive structures or c ...
Preservation of spatial and environmental gradients by death
... and community responses to environmental and spatial gradients, paleoecological analyses implicitly assume that death assemblages capture these gradients accurately. We use nine data sets from modern, relatively undisturbed coastal study areas to evaluate how the response of living molluscan assembl ...
... and community responses to environmental and spatial gradients, paleoecological analyses implicitly assume that death assemblages capture these gradients accurately. We use nine data sets from modern, relatively undisturbed coastal study areas to evaluate how the response of living molluscan assembl ...
Rountree, R.A., and K.W. Able. 2007
... geology, community or place. Other researchers approach the study from the point of view of defining the resource requirements of specific species, in which case the definition used by Hall et al. (1997) would apply. We feel that both approaches are useful and that habitat terms and definitions are ...
... geology, community or place. Other researchers approach the study from the point of view of defining the resource requirements of specific species, in which case the definition used by Hall et al. (1997) would apply. We feel that both approaches are useful and that habitat terms and definitions are ...
this thesis - Waddenacademie
... marshes must increase in elevation to avoid being ‘ecologically drowned’. This has generated the assumption that salt marshes have to move inland in order to adjust to the rising sea level. In situations where land claim has resulted in the construction of seawalls close to the mean high water level ...
... marshes must increase in elevation to avoid being ‘ecologically drowned’. This has generated the assumption that salt marshes have to move inland in order to adjust to the rising sea level. In situations where land claim has resulted in the construction of seawalls close to the mean high water level ...
Hard and Soft Selection Revisited: How Evolution by Natural
... If selection is indeed soft, then such variation can be sustained under purifying selection without our being dead one hundred times over. The invocation of soft selection as an explanation for observed patterns of genetic variation offers a solution to the dilemma of hard selection, but at the same ...
... If selection is indeed soft, then such variation can be sustained under purifying selection without our being dead one hundred times over. The invocation of soft selection as an explanation for observed patterns of genetic variation offers a solution to the dilemma of hard selection, but at the same ...
University of Groningen Herbivores, resources and risks
... environmental conditions, whereas under others they are limited by forage abundance and nutritional quality. Whether top-down or bottom-up regulation prevails depends both on abiotic constraints on forage availability and body size, because size simultaneously affects the risk of predation of herbiv ...
... environmental conditions, whereas under others they are limited by forage abundance and nutritional quality. Whether top-down or bottom-up regulation prevails depends both on abiotic constraints on forage availability and body size, because size simultaneously affects the risk of predation of herbiv ...
070108F_FinalReport_Project Chicamocha II
... adaptations to face dry conditions. The landscape is characterized by a system of canyons, valleys and rivers. It is represented mainly by dry habitats with different species of cactus, spiny shrubs and trees. It is inhabited by several agricultural and commercial communities which have originated t ...
... adaptations to face dry conditions. The landscape is characterized by a system of canyons, valleys and rivers. It is represented mainly by dry habitats with different species of cactus, spiny shrubs and trees. It is inhabited by several agricultural and commercial communities which have originated t ...
Predicting invasion in grassland ecosystems: is exotic
... Invasions have increased the size of regional species pools, but are typically assumed to reduce native diversity. However, global-scale tests of this assumption have been elusive because of the focus on exotic species richness, rather than relative abundance. This is problematic because low invader ...
... Invasions have increased the size of regional species pools, but are typically assumed to reduce native diversity. However, global-scale tests of this assumption have been elusive because of the focus on exotic species richness, rather than relative abundance. This is problematic because low invader ...
Reducing the threat of a nationally significant weed to biodiversity
... The implementation of the Bitou TAP has been a combined effort involving many different stakeholders including five CMAs, DECCW (including the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service) and other government agencies, local councils, contractors, local Aboriginal communities and community groups/ volun ...
... The implementation of the Bitou TAP has been a combined effort involving many different stakeholders including five CMAs, DECCW (including the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service) and other government agencies, local councils, contractors, local Aboriginal communities and community groups/ volun ...
1603 059Hamilton.indd - Institute for Applied Ecology
... The implementation of the Bitou TAP has been a combined effort involving many different stakeholders including five CMAs, DECCW (including the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service) and other government agencies, local councils, contractors, local Aboriginal communities and community groups/ volun ...
... The implementation of the Bitou TAP has been a combined effort involving many different stakeholders including five CMAs, DECCW (including the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service) and other government agencies, local councils, contractors, local Aboriginal communities and community groups/ volun ...
pdf document, 1.67 mb - Society for Tropical Ecology
... the world is changing fast. Change is normal, change is necessary, there is no doubt about that and as ecologists we are aware of that. But, and there is a big “BUT”, the speed, the dimensions and the quality of recent change are worrying. Ecosystems and species are disappearing. Natural and traditi ...
... the world is changing fast. Change is normal, change is necessary, there is no doubt about that and as ecologists we are aware of that. But, and there is a big “BUT”, the speed, the dimensions and the quality of recent change are worrying. Ecosystems and species are disappearing. Natural and traditi ...
Ecological opportunity and the adaptive
... which niche availability exists within given environments (Fig. I). First, ZNGIs are determined by the population dynamic response of a population to limiting environmental variables such as levels of key resources and density of predators, and impact vectors describe the impact of the population on ...
... which niche availability exists within given environments (Fig. I). First, ZNGIs are determined by the population dynamic response of a population to limiting environmental variables such as levels of key resources and density of predators, and impact vectors describe the impact of the population on ...
- Wiley Online Library
... that individuals disperse according to some form of a dispersal kernel (but see Zurell et al. 2012) and that this kernel is a fixed property of a species. However, the assumption of fixed dispersal kernels may be strongly violated for many animal species, for animal-dispersed plants and even for pas ...
... that individuals disperse according to some form of a dispersal kernel (but see Zurell et al. 2012) and that this kernel is a fixed property of a species. However, the assumption of fixed dispersal kernels may be strongly violated for many animal species, for animal-dispersed plants and even for pas ...
Invasion of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and the rise of the boreal
... 3. Our results show that the P. abies population increased in size from the time of the initial expansion to levels comparable with the modern in 100–550 years. At each site P. abies invaded a dense, intact Pinus–Betula–Alnus forest, mixed with temperate deciduous taxa, particularly Tilia cordata an ...
... 3. Our results show that the P. abies population increased in size from the time of the initial expansion to levels comparable with the modern in 100–550 years. At each site P. abies invaded a dense, intact Pinus–Betula–Alnus forest, mixed with temperate deciduous taxa, particularly Tilia cordata an ...
practicequiz12.aquaticbio
... a. provides lawyers fees in lawsuits over wetlands development b. allows wetland areas to be traded for forest areas for development c. requires all wetlands to me protected from development d. allows wetlands to be developed as long as an equal area of wetland is created or restored e. nothing What ...
... a. provides lawyers fees in lawsuits over wetlands development b. allows wetland areas to be traded for forest areas for development c. requires all wetlands to me protected from development d. allows wetlands to be developed as long as an equal area of wetland is created or restored e. nothing What ...
An evaluation of coastal dune forest restoration in northern KwaZulu-Natal,
... Plate 7-1. Post-mining dunes are re-shaped and then previously stored topsoil is placed on the dune and spread evenly across the site. The erection of shade-netting fences, acts to reduce soil erosion resulting from the action of the wind. Exotic annual herbaceous plants are seeded to further ensur ...
... Plate 7-1. Post-mining dunes are re-shaped and then previously stored topsoil is placed on the dune and spread evenly across the site. The erection of shade-netting fences, acts to reduce soil erosion resulting from the action of the wind. Exotic annual herbaceous plants are seeded to further ensur ...
3337 CBD Synthesis.indd - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
... increase food production (lower right corner). These result in changes to biodiversity and to ecosystem services (lower left corner), thereby affecting human wellbeing. These interactions can take place at more than one scale and can cross scales. For example, international demand for timber may lea ...
... increase food production (lower right corner). These result in changes to biodiversity and to ecosystem services (lower left corner), thereby affecting human wellbeing. These interactions can take place at more than one scale and can cross scales. For example, international demand for timber may lea ...
CHAPTER III: Native and nonnative phylogenetically paired plant
... Tom and Kathy Kuebbing, Andrea and Fin Mulligan, Beth, Rich, and Stacey Galperin, my family, for their continuous support and interest in my research. Josh Galperin, for agreeing to move south of the Mason Dixon line. ...
... Tom and Kathy Kuebbing, Andrea and Fin Mulligan, Beth, Rich, and Stacey Galperin, my family, for their continuous support and interest in my research. Josh Galperin, for agreeing to move south of the Mason Dixon line. ...
Diapositiva 1 - ICM-CSIC
... * A reduction of 20% of effort would imply some improvement of the ecosystem respect the actual state ...
... * A reduction of 20% of effort would imply some improvement of the ecosystem respect the actual state ...
Chronic nitrogen deposition alters the structure and function of
... composition and function. If the flow of energy though detrital food webs is diminished by the slowing of decay under higher rates of atmospheric N deposition, this agent of global change could also negatively impact the abundance and composition of soil fauna. To test this hypothesis, we studied soi ...
... composition and function. If the flow of energy though detrital food webs is diminished by the slowing of decay under higher rates of atmospheric N deposition, this agent of global change could also negatively impact the abundance and composition of soil fauna. To test this hypothesis, we studied soi ...
How can we apply theories of habitat selection to wildlife
... management of wildlife. Many of the solutions involve the use of habitat isodars, graphs of densities in pairs of habitats such that expected fitness is the same in both. For single species, isodars reflect differences in habitat quality, and specify the conditions when population density will, or w ...
... management of wildlife. Many of the solutions involve the use of habitat isodars, graphs of densities in pairs of habitats such that expected fitness is the same in both. For single species, isodars reflect differences in habitat quality, and specify the conditions when population density will, or w ...
OIKOS Finland conference for Ecologists and Evolutionary Biologists
... under positive selection in the polar bear lineage that have enabled the species to survive the extreme conditions of life in the High Arctic. ...
... under positive selection in the polar bear lineage that have enabled the species to survive the extreme conditions of life in the High Arctic. ...
Restoration ecology
Restoration ecology emerged as a separate field in ecology in the 1980s. It is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological restoration, which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action. The term ""restoration ecology"" is therefore commonly used for the academic study of the process, whereas the term ""ecological restoration"" is commonly used for the actual project or process by restoration practitioners.