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... channel currents as compared with the human myocardium, which results in a different drug sensitivity and the species-specific AP shape and duration. Moreover, the higher the assay complexity, the more difficult it is to interpret the results. Furthermore, even the best animal model is unable to acc ...
viagra
viagra

... Sildenafil citrate, is a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction 原發性肺動脈高壓症 (male impotence 陽萋) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) (原發性肺動脈高壓症). It was developed and is being marketed by the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. It acts by inhibiting cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5(小腸磷酸二酯酵素), a ...
2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of
2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of

... NSAIDs should be avoided in patients with coronary artery disease; in fact, most non-aspirin NSAIDs may have a small cardiovascular risk, which was revealed in several trials and observational studies9,10 showing that cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors (coxibs), diclofenac, indomethacin and ibupro ...
Heterogeneous lengths of copy number mutations
Heterogeneous lengths of copy number mutations

... (or non-neutral) dosage status.5 They are typically introduced in the genome by recombination-based or replication-based mechanisms. The detection of CN variations is clinically important because they can provide the genetic background of human diseases, including Mendelian disorders, contiguous gen ...
Mesotherapy, definition, rationale and clinical role: a consensus
Mesotherapy, definition, rationale and clinical role: a consensus

... treatment of osteoporosis pain38 and calcified tendinitis of the shoulder39-41. Others have used the technique for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain42-49. The use of anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs intradermally in osteomuscular conditions appears to be one of the best and important indication ...
assoc_intro
assoc_intro

... History and track record of association studies Challenges Example ...
Anxiolytic, hypnotic
Anxiolytic, hypnotic

... However, these agents have minimal effectiveness in acute anxiety states. ...
1.1 Genetic terms you should know and understand Mendelian
1.1 Genetic terms you should know and understand Mendelian

... children. This also does not fit he data. 2. If the abnormality were due to an autosomal recessive mutation: a - recessive abnormal allele A - dominant normal allele In order for the second generation to have affected individuals (aa), both parents of each family must be carriers. That is: 1, 2 , an ...
ARBS (if unable to tolerate ACE`s) with evidence in Heart Failure
ARBS (if unable to tolerate ACE`s) with evidence in Heart Failure

...   , Renal Function  o Creatinine  o BUN  o eGFR   Increase by          For every medication and  ...
الشريحة 1
الشريحة 1

... Drug Interactions Drug interactions are particularly important with oral anticoagulants, and the result may be either an increase or a decrease in the effect of the anticoagulant. Frequent monitoring of the prothrombin time is essential when administering another drug with warfarin, and changing th ...
Lesson Objectives
Lesson Objectives

... a. polydactyly is dominant, 399/400 people have 2 recessive genes for this trait 5. Multiple alleles - Mendel looked at traits that had 2 alleles, but most genes have more than 2 alleles a. blood type in humans- 4 phenotypes = A, B, AB, O b. refer to 2 carbohydrates on surface of rbcs c. I = enzyme ...
8BD 039  2 '03  JAN 24  AtI  114
8BD 039 2 '03 JAN 24 AtI 114

... Next you will find examples of some single entity combination products, including PersistTM and Persist Plus TM,which are sold both as kit components and individually, and flush syringes. Attachment 3 shows the draft Persist site prep label, in actual size. We have not yet been able to finalize the ...
DiphenhydrAMINE Hydrochloride Injection, USP
DiphenhydrAMINE Hydrochloride Injection, USP

... action. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is widely distributed throughout the body, including the CNS. A portion of the drug is excreted unchanged in the urine, while the rest is metabolized via the liver. Detailed information on the pharmacokinetics of Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride Injection is not av ...
Diapositive 1
Diapositive 1

... its oral Growth Hormone Secretagogue (GHS), which Ardana is developing as a diagnostic for growth hormone deficiency in adults. The diagnostic clinical development and toxicology programmes are ongoing and, subject to clinical outcome, the Company anticipates filing for registration at the end of th ...
Whose got Genes?
Whose got Genes?

... organims has a fixed number of chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs (46) chromosomes. Genetics is the study of how traits are passed on from one generation to another Baker 2003/2004 ...
Alkylating Agents
Alkylating Agents

... Post-treatment hydration: Adequate hydration and urinary output must be maintained during the 24 hours following infusion. It has been suggested that IV hydration continue after treatment with the aim to administer 2 litres of sodium chloride IV infusion 0.9% or glucose-saline over a period of 6-12 ...
2008 Student Paper Competition: Anthony Angelo, Failure Modes
2008 Student Paper Competition: Anthony Angelo, Failure Modes

... incorrect infusion values into the pump while not using Guardrails could have serious consequences depending on the drug. The purchase of the Alaris Guardrail system was made to improve patient safety. Without the use of the Guardrails, the Alaris pump has no added safety features. Nursing must enco ...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Antiarrhythmic Drugs

... Readily bind to activated channels or inactivated channels, but bind poorly to rested channels. i.e.: Use –Dependent or State-Dependent. Channels in normal cells will rapidly lose the drug from the receptors during the resting portion of the cycle. This selectivity is lost with increasing doses, lea ...
Vioxx: Lifting the Veil on the Dark Side of the
Vioxx: Lifting the Veil on the Dark Side of the

... Rezulin (2000) and Baycol (2001) were also pulled off the market after it was revealed they had caused multiple deaths. Since Vioxx had a particularly traumatic impact, health authorities are now in the process of implementing greater scrutiny in terms of long-term drug safety. The first example cam ...
Hepatitis C Treatment
Hepatitis C Treatment

... $9,000.00, with the ribavirin accounting for about $2,500.00. The cost for a 48 week course of treatment can be around $10,000. ...
Absorption and distribution of drugs 7
Absorption and distribution of drugs 7

... aspirin, pKa 3.5) and a weak base (e.g. pethidine, pKa 8.6) would be distributed at equilibrium between three body compartments, namely plasma (pH 7.4), alkaline urine (pH 8) and gastric juice (pH 3). Within each compartment, the ratio of ionised to unionised drug is governed by the pKa of the drug ...
How to set up Punnet Squares
How to set up Punnet Squares

... Genes (alleles) are DIFFERENT from each other  Ex. Cc (one Capitol letter one and lower case letter) ...
antihypertensive agents
antihypertensive agents

... Beta-adrenoceptor–blocking agents: The pharmacologic properties of several of these agents differ in ways that may confer therapeutic benefits in certain clinical situations. Propranolol: Propranolol was the first β blocker shown to be effective in hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Propranolo ...
FDA
FDA

... • Gives FDA new expedited drug development tool – “breakthrough therapy designation” – for assisting sponsors in expediting the development and review of new drugs with preliminary clinical evidence that indicates the drug may offer a substantial improvement over available therapies for patients wit ...
New Anticoagulants For Stroke Prevention in AF Atrial Fibrillation
New Anticoagulants For Stroke Prevention in AF Atrial Fibrillation

... ● Mean duration of treatment, 986 days; mean of 66 INRs ● Compared with no warfarin, stroke was significantly reduced only in patients with TTR >70% ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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