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Chapter Summary- Notes
Chapter Summary- Notes

... gland.” 8. The two disparate functions of the adrenal glands warrant extra attention. Discussion of the steroidal hormones produced by the adrenal cortex provides an excellent opportunity to examine steroid use from exogenous sources. Persons who abuse anabolic steroids for athletic or appearance pu ...
Intro to Endocrine - Valdosta State University
Intro to Endocrine - Valdosta State University

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BIO 218 F 2012 CH 19 Martini Lecture Outine
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BIO 218 F 2012 CH 19 Martini Lecture Outine

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... anterior pituitary. Lastly, TSH-Ra attaches to the follicular cell on the thyroid permanently thus causing constant release of T3 and T4 and results in hypertrophy of the follicular cells. This hypertrophy can cause an enlarged thyroid gland also known as a goiter (Yeung, 2009). There were no appare ...
abnormal thickening in the lining of the uterus, with the presence of
abnormal thickening in the lining of the uterus, with the presence of

...  Closed cervix (the “cervix” is the lower part of the uterus that extends into the vagina [the tubular passageway or birth canal, leading from the opening of the vulva to the cervix]; a “closed cervix” is one in which the muscles surrounding the cervix are contracted and the opening into the uterus ...
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obstetrics-and-gynecology-practical-exam-topics-with

...  Document fetal number.  Confirm fetal viability. Fetal cardiac activity can be detected transvaginally when the embryo is 5 mm or greater in length (approximately 6 weeks' gestation).  Evaluate gestational age. Measurement of the fetal crown-rump length between 6 to 13 weeks' gestation can estim ...
systems of the body #1
systems of the body #1

... The mission of the endocrine system is to circulate minute quantities of specific ‘chemical messengers’ that we know as hormones. Hormones (from the Greek root hormaein, “to excite”) are secreted from endocrine gland cells and are placed directly into the bloodstream. From there they circulate throu ...
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Ovarian Steroid Hormones and Auditory Function

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Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiency Series N. 11
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Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
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Holistic Protocol for Uterine Fibroids
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CHAPTER 36

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Animal or Plant Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH

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(LH) is taken over by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
(LH) is taken over by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

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Document
Document

... D.Both bind to receptor proteins in the nucleus of target cells and are polar are correct. E.Both are polar and activate plasma-membrane-associated receptors are correct. 18. In the absence of thyroid hormone, epinephrine stimulates release of a small amount of fatty acids from adipose cells. In th ...
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Menstrual cycle



The menstrual cycle is the regular natural changes that occurs in the uterus and ovaries that make pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of ovocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. Up to 80% of women report having some symptoms during the one to two weeks prior to menstruation. Common symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability, and mood changes. These symptoms interfere with normal life and therefore qualify as premenstrual syndrome in 20 to 30% of women. In 3 to 8%, they are severe.The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche. They may occasionally start as early as eight, and this onset may still be normal. The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world and earlier in developed world. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days). Menstruation stops occurring after menopause which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days.The menstrual cycle is governed by hormonal changes. These changes can be altered by using hormonal birth control to prevent pregnancy. Each cycle can be divided into three phases based on events in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle). The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.Stimulated by gradually increasing amounts of estrogen in the follicular phase, discharges of blood (menses) flow stop, and the lining of the uterus thickens. Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of hormones, and after several days one or occasionally two become dominant (non-dominant follicles shrink and die). Approximately mid-cycle, 24–36 hours after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surges, the dominant follicle releases an ovocyte, in an event called ovulation. After ovulation, the ovocyte only lives for 24 hours or less without fertilization while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a corpus luteum; this body has a primary function of producing large amounts of progesterone. Under the influence of progesterone, the uterine lining changes to prepare for potential implantation of an embryo to establish a pregnancy. If implantation does not occur within approximately two weeks, the corpus luteum will involute, causing a sharp drops in levels of both progesterone and estrogen. The hormone drop causes the uterus to shed its lining in a process termed menstruation. Menstruation also occur in some other animals including shrews, bats, and other primates such as apes and monkeys.
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