UGBA 178: Introduction to International Business
... The globalization of the world economy is having a positive impact on the volume of FDI as firms undertake FDI to ensure they have a significant presence in many regions of the world ...
... The globalization of the world economy is having a positive impact on the volume of FDI as firms undertake FDI to ensure they have a significant presence in many regions of the world ...
El_Salvador_en.pdf
... reached 3.7% in December 2009, up from 2.8% twelve months earlier. This has required the establishment of continually higher reserves for loan losses. The loanloss coverage of the non-performing portfolio stood at 109.9% in late 2009. The gross intermediation margin in the financial system —measured ...
... reached 3.7% in December 2009, up from 2.8% twelve months earlier. This has required the establishment of continually higher reserves for loan losses. The loanloss coverage of the non-performing portfolio stood at 109.9% in late 2009. The gross intermediation margin in the financial system —measured ...
Money and Banking - Elkhorn Public Schools
... • If AD increases, that causes a temporary increase in Y, but also creates “demand pull” inflation • AS reacts to this price level increase with “cost push” inflation, as their costs go up, they shift AS back • The monetarist Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve is straight up and down ...
... • If AD increases, that causes a temporary increase in Y, but also creates “demand pull” inflation • AS reacts to this price level increase with “cost push” inflation, as their costs go up, they shift AS back • The monetarist Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve is straight up and down ...
excess demand for tradables
... The creditors may change their minds given that risk exposure is rising and the return to their investments is very low. In China, reserves make up half of GDP. ...
... The creditors may change their minds given that risk exposure is rising and the return to their investments is very low. In China, reserves make up half of GDP. ...
Latin American Financial Crises and Recovery
... • real appreciation of exchange rates, • excessively high real interest rates and weak domestic demand • caused deterioration in external accounts and dampened incentives to invest to increase domestic productivity. • Capital inflows had little impact on domestic savings, and were primarily in portf ...
... • real appreciation of exchange rates, • excessively high real interest rates and weak domestic demand • caused deterioration in external accounts and dampened incentives to invest to increase domestic productivity. • Capital inflows had little impact on domestic savings, and were primarily in portf ...
Reflections on Currency Crises Korkut Erturk Department of Economics
... real exchange rate appreciation and an increasing current account deficit, all of which were thought to be the harbingers of the coming currency crisis. However, the currency crises of 1990s seemed different in nature. In the European crisis of 1992-3, the root source of the problem was the conflict ...
... real exchange rate appreciation and an increasing current account deficit, all of which were thought to be the harbingers of the coming currency crisis. However, the currency crises of 1990s seemed different in nature. In the European crisis of 1992-3, the root source of the problem was the conflict ...
Principles of economics Central banking and Monetary policy
... CB operations • Open-market operations: buying and selling government securities (bonds and bills) • Discount-rate policy (setting discount rate at which banks can borrow money) • Reserve requirement policy (setting legal requirement on deposits in banks) • Forex operations (buying and selling fore ...
... CB operations • Open-market operations: buying and selling government securities (bonds and bills) • Discount-rate policy (setting discount rate at which banks can borrow money) • Reserve requirement policy (setting legal requirement on deposits in banks) • Forex operations (buying and selling fore ...
Document
... Why is a country limited in executing its own monetary policy under a fixed exchange rate system? How is it limited under a flexible exchange rate system? A country is limited in executing its own monetary policy under a fixed exch ange rate system because it needs to maintain an agreed-upon exchang ...
... Why is a country limited in executing its own monetary policy under a fixed exchange rate system? How is it limited under a flexible exchange rate system? A country is limited in executing its own monetary policy under a fixed exch ange rate system because it needs to maintain an agreed-upon exchang ...
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... system and that global exports (international credits) must equal global imports (debits) is not as well recognized as a policy constraint. The nations of the world cannot, as an aggregate, run a current surplus, and imbalances merely redistribute aggregate demand among nations. This constraint has ...
... system and that global exports (international credits) must equal global imports (debits) is not as well recognized as a policy constraint. The nations of the world cannot, as an aggregate, run a current surplus, and imbalances merely redistribute aggregate demand among nations. This constraint has ...
Monetary policy challenges in a non-euro EU country
... stressed above, it is generally good to have a freely floating exchange rate. It serves as a buffer against asymmetric shocks and introduces some volatility in the FX market which should discourage complacent attitudes towards risk. But at the same time short-term FX developments can pose financial ...
... stressed above, it is generally good to have a freely floating exchange rate. It serves as a buffer against asymmetric shocks and introduces some volatility in the FX market which should discourage complacent attitudes towards risk. But at the same time short-term FX developments can pose financial ...
Venezuela_en.pdf
... is expected to expand by 4.2% for the year as a whole. In terms of overall demand, both private consumption and public consumption saw robust growth. However, gross fixed capital formation stagnated despite the uptick in public spending. The best performing sectors during the period were commerce an ...
... is expected to expand by 4.2% for the year as a whole. In terms of overall demand, both private consumption and public consumption saw robust growth. However, gross fixed capital formation stagnated despite the uptick in public spending. The best performing sectors during the period were commerce an ...
The exchange rate of the króna and the interset
... of rises in the Central Bank’s policy rate, they did not keep pace then with the surge in inflation in Iceland, which was much greater than among its main trading partner countries. Thus the interest-rate differential with abroad narrowed in real terms at the same time as it widened in nominal terms ...
... of rises in the Central Bank’s policy rate, they did not keep pace then with the surge in inflation in Iceland, which was much greater than among its main trading partner countries. Thus the interest-rate differential with abroad narrowed in real terms at the same time as it widened in nominal terms ...
Document
... well in the medium to long term. • The smaller and less liquid markets, however, frequently demonstrate behaviors that seemingly contradict the theory. • The problem lies not in the theory, but in the relevance of the assumptions underlying the theory. ...
... well in the medium to long term. • The smaller and less liquid markets, however, frequently demonstrate behaviors that seemingly contradict the theory. • The problem lies not in the theory, but in the relevance of the assumptions underlying the theory. ...
Plurinational State of Bolivia Gross domestic product (GDP) in the
... 2016, one of the highest rates in the region. This was driven mainly by public investment and a countercyclical monetary policy that offset a weak external trade performance, caused mainly by a deterioration in the country’s terms of trade. The savings built up during the commodity-price supercycle ...
... 2016, one of the highest rates in the region. This was driven mainly by public investment and a countercyclical monetary policy that offset a weak external trade performance, caused mainly by a deterioration in the country’s terms of trade. The savings built up during the commodity-price supercycle ...
WP24
... protect societies from the instabilities of free markets. It would also create institutions at the world level, one (the IMF) to assist countries facing temporary balance of payments difficulties and pre-empt a protectionist response, the other (the World Bank) to redistribute resources to countries ...
... protect societies from the instabilities of free markets. It would also create institutions at the world level, one (the IMF) to assist countries facing temporary balance of payments difficulties and pre-empt a protectionist response, the other (the World Bank) to redistribute resources to countries ...
1 Financial Instability, Reserves, and Central Bank Swap Lines in
... backstop the broad money supply to avert the possibility of an internal/external double drain (a bank run combined with capital flight). Thus, simply looking at trade or shortterm debt as motivations for reserve holdings is insufficient; one must also consider the size of the banking system (M2). He ...
... backstop the broad money supply to avert the possibility of an internal/external double drain (a bank run combined with capital flight). Thus, simply looking at trade or shortterm debt as motivations for reserve holdings is insufficient; one must also consider the size of the banking system (M2). He ...
ECON-262 Principles of Macroeconomics
... Objectives of the Course: The main objectives of the course are to: • Introduce the main macroeconomics variables (GDP, inflation, unemployment) • Introduce the aggregate demand – aggregate supply model • Distinguish between inflation and unemployment • Identify the fiscal and monetary policy tools ...
... Objectives of the Course: The main objectives of the course are to: • Introduce the main macroeconomics variables (GDP, inflation, unemployment) • Introduce the aggregate demand – aggregate supply model • Distinguish between inflation and unemployment • Identify the fiscal and monetary policy tools ...
Dr. Eran Yashiv EC303: Economic Analysis of the EU The European
... • He characterized an optimum currency area as a set of regions among which the propensity to migrate is high enough to ensure full employment when one of the regions faces an asymmetric shock. Other researchers extended the theory and identified additional criteria, such as capital mobility, region ...
... • He characterized an optimum currency area as a set of regions among which the propensity to migrate is high enough to ensure full employment when one of the regions faces an asymmetric shock. Other researchers extended the theory and identified additional criteria, such as capital mobility, region ...
BCT Market Outlook
... amounted to USD 3,330.4 billion, down by a record USD 107.9 billion from November. Offshore RMB saw quick and significant depreciation in early January, but the trend was reversed and close to the on-shore RMB, rumored with the PBoC intervention in the market. The PBoC also charged reverse requireme ...
... amounted to USD 3,330.4 billion, down by a record USD 107.9 billion from November. Offshore RMB saw quick and significant depreciation in early January, but the trend was reversed and close to the on-shore RMB, rumored with the PBoC intervention in the market. The PBoC also charged reverse requireme ...
Foreign-exchange reserves
Foreign-exchange reserves (also called forex reserves or FX reserves) are assets held by a central bank or other monetary authority, usually in various reserve currencies, mostly the United States dollar, and to a lesser extent the euro, the pound sterling, and the Japanese yen, and used to back its liabilities—e.g., the local currency issued, and the various bank reserves deposited with the central bank by the government or by financial institutions.