Chapter 2: Psychology As a Science
... Absolute refractory period—a short time after an action potential, during which a neuron is completely unable to fire again Relative refractory period—just after the absolute refractory period, during which a neuron can only fire if it receives a stimulus stronger than its usual threshold level © Jo ...
... Absolute refractory period—a short time after an action potential, during which a neuron is completely unable to fire again Relative refractory period—just after the absolute refractory period, during which a neuron can only fire if it receives a stimulus stronger than its usual threshold level © Jo ...
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
... filtered from 300 to 10,000 Hz and then passed through a spike discriminator to measure spike time occurrences. The firing rates of individual neurons are computed in 10–20 ms bins and ‘‘decoded’’ to provide a high-fidelity prediction of either computer cursor or robot endpoint kinematics. Given its ...
... filtered from 300 to 10,000 Hz and then passed through a spike discriminator to measure spike time occurrences. The firing rates of individual neurons are computed in 10–20 ms bins and ‘‘decoded’’ to provide a high-fidelity prediction of either computer cursor or robot endpoint kinematics. Given its ...
Chapter 16: Basal Ganglia
... – Loss of DA-ergic neurons in SNpc AND – Degeneration of striatal neurons projecting to GPi and SNpr • Therefore, decreased transmission of DA-ergic stimulation from striatum to GPi/SNpr ...
... – Loss of DA-ergic neurons in SNpc AND – Degeneration of striatal neurons projecting to GPi and SNpr • Therefore, decreased transmission of DA-ergic stimulation from striatum to GPi/SNpr ...
From hand actions to speech: evidence and speculations
... produced the same speech sounds. Results showed a substantial overlap between regions activated by listening to and producing the syllables, and the activated regions were located primarily in the superior part of ventral premotor cortex, in both hemispheres. The task did ...
... produced the same speech sounds. Results showed a substantial overlap between regions activated by listening to and producing the syllables, and the activated regions were located primarily in the superior part of ventral premotor cortex, in both hemispheres. The task did ...
Design Features in Vertebrate Sensory Systems
... regional specializations consisting of preferential accumulations of particular subclasses of receptors in specific regions of the receptor sheet. This occurs in the retina where cones accumulate in the foveas of primates or specific subclasses of cones accumulate in the red and yellow retinal field ...
... regional specializations consisting of preferential accumulations of particular subclasses of receptors in specific regions of the receptor sheet. This occurs in the retina where cones accumulate in the foveas of primates or specific subclasses of cones accumulate in the red and yellow retinal field ...
Cortico-Basal Ganglia Interactions in Huntington`s Disease
... (HD): Due to the complex pathology and variable symptomatology of HD, the hypothesis proposing that the striatum is the main site of pathology in HD has been challenged by several studies. The critical involvement of the cerebral cortex in both “motor” and “limbic” circuits, as outlined above, sugge ...
... (HD): Due to the complex pathology and variable symptomatology of HD, the hypothesis proposing that the striatum is the main site of pathology in HD has been challenged by several studies. The critical involvement of the cerebral cortex in both “motor” and “limbic” circuits, as outlined above, sugge ...
Neurobiology of Behaviour
... • Neurons can be identified by position, size, colour and their electrophysiological properties ...
... • Neurons can be identified by position, size, colour and their electrophysiological properties ...
Cognition without a Neural Code: How a Folded Electromagnetic Fields
... synaptic inputs, another 8 to 20 ms (Kim and Connors 1993; Shadlen and Newsome 1994) for each summation, say 100 ms for just five round-trips between two interconnected neurons with other inputs. The time requirements of axonal conduction, synaptic transmission, and membrane constants exceed what is ...
... synaptic inputs, another 8 to 20 ms (Kim and Connors 1993; Shadlen and Newsome 1994) for each summation, say 100 ms for just five round-trips between two interconnected neurons with other inputs. The time requirements of axonal conduction, synaptic transmission, and membrane constants exceed what is ...
The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of
... Fig. 1. The classical view of emotion. The classical view of emotion includes basic emotion theories (e.g. for a review, see Tracy and Randles, 2011), causal appraisal theories (e.g. Scherer, 2009; Roseman, 2011), and theories of emotion that rely on black-box functionalism (Davis, 1992; Anderson an ...
... Fig. 1. The classical view of emotion. The classical view of emotion includes basic emotion theories (e.g. for a review, see Tracy and Randles, 2011), causal appraisal theories (e.g. Scherer, 2009; Roseman, 2011), and theories of emotion that rely on black-box functionalism (Davis, 1992; Anderson an ...
Lecoq J, Savall J, Vucinic D, Grewe BF, Kim H, Li
... of neural activity, but collective dynamics across mammalian brain regions are generally inaccessible within single fields of view. Here we introduce a two-photon microscope possessing two articulated arms that can simultaneously image two brain areas (~0.38 mm2 each), either nearby or distal, using ...
... of neural activity, but collective dynamics across mammalian brain regions are generally inaccessible within single fields of view. Here we introduce a two-photon microscope possessing two articulated arms that can simultaneously image two brain areas (~0.38 mm2 each), either nearby or distal, using ...
Brain days-Part V-Limbic
... controlled study with planimetric measurements” published in American Journal of Psychiatry by Reiss and his colleagues. 1988 The article of Robert Sapolsky from Stanford University titled as “Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: in vitro demonstration” published in the journal Brain Research ...
... controlled study with planimetric measurements” published in American Journal of Psychiatry by Reiss and his colleagues. 1988 The article of Robert Sapolsky from Stanford University titled as “Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: in vitro demonstration” published in the journal Brain Research ...
neuron
... receives signals from other neurons or sensory organs, processes these signals, and sends signals to other neurons, muscles, or bodily ...
... receives signals from other neurons or sensory organs, processes these signals, and sends signals to other neurons, muscles, or bodily ...
9.14 Lecture 16: Descending Pathways and Evolution Notes
... because of disorientation; he veered from course, bumped into obstacles ...
... because of disorientation; he veered from course, bumped into obstacles ...
PNS Terminology
... – preganglionic synapses with the cell body of the postganglionic within the ganglion – the pregang and postgang neurotransmitters can differ – the postganglionic neuron is unmyelinated – glands are innervated by the preganglionic neuron – e.g adrenal gland which then releases epinephrine or norepin ...
... – preganglionic synapses with the cell body of the postganglionic within the ganglion – the pregang and postgang neurotransmitters can differ – the postganglionic neuron is unmyelinated – glands are innervated by the preganglionic neuron – e.g adrenal gland which then releases epinephrine or norepin ...
Overview Synaptic plasticity Synaptic strength
... • Probability of neurotransmitter release p Postsynaptically: • Maximal conductance g associated with one synaptic vesicle ...
... • Probability of neurotransmitter release p Postsynaptically: • Maximal conductance g associated with one synaptic vesicle ...
Regional brain activation in conscious, nonrestrained
... of acutely induced rectosigmoidal pain. To capture more objective markers of the human visceral pain response, and to assess possible drug effects on this response, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been applied successfully to study the human br ...
... of acutely induced rectosigmoidal pain. To capture more objective markers of the human visceral pain response, and to assess possible drug effects on this response, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been applied successfully to study the human br ...
INTRAANALYZER CONDITIONED REFLEX PROPERTIES OF TWO
... of a signal stimulus. Interconnected activity was intensified between closely spaced neurons and those spaced a t tens and hundreds of microns. However, the development of conditioned inhibition was marked by a n especially high level in the interaction of closely spaced neurons and a considerable ...
... of a signal stimulus. Interconnected activity was intensified between closely spaced neurons and those spaced a t tens and hundreds of microns. However, the development of conditioned inhibition was marked by a n especially high level in the interaction of closely spaced neurons and a considerable ...
11 Attention
... Attention changes location prior to eye movement D. Wurtz, Goldberg, and Robinson: Record neural activity from Posterior Parietal Psychology 355 ...
... Attention changes location prior to eye movement D. Wurtz, Goldberg, and Robinson: Record neural activity from Posterior Parietal Psychology 355 ...
Learning pattern recognition and decision making in the insect brain
... The antennal lobe receives the input from the olfactory receptor cells that deliver the information into particular sets of glomeruli. The neural network in the AL is made of projection neurons (PNs), which are excitatory, and lateral neurons (LNs), which are mostly inhibitory. The PNs and the LNs c ...
... The antennal lobe receives the input from the olfactory receptor cells that deliver the information into particular sets of glomeruli. The neural network in the AL is made of projection neurons (PNs), which are excitatory, and lateral neurons (LNs), which are mostly inhibitory. The PNs and the LNs c ...
Thinking About Thinking
... One reason it is so difficult to unravel the mind-brain enigma is that theorists tend to approach the problem from the wrong end. By trying to explain consciousness, theorists immediately get caught up in philosophical or religious, not scientific, issues and become trapped by their premises. Rather ...
... One reason it is so difficult to unravel the mind-brain enigma is that theorists tend to approach the problem from the wrong end. By trying to explain consciousness, theorists immediately get caught up in philosophical or religious, not scientific, issues and become trapped by their premises. Rather ...
weiten6_PPT03
... you’ll see in this chapter and the remainder of the book, the effects of many phenomena— such as pain, drug use, and some diseases—can be explained in terms of how they alter one or more of these processes (usually at synapses releasing a specific Table of Contents neurotransmitter). ...
... you’ll see in this chapter and the remainder of the book, the effects of many phenomena— such as pain, drug use, and some diseases—can be explained in terms of how they alter one or more of these processes (usually at synapses releasing a specific Table of Contents neurotransmitter). ...
Short-term memory
... response task in three successive stages (1: movement, reward; 2: go signal, movement, reward; 3: instruction stimulus, go signal, movement, reward). The rationale for this protocol is that the training protocols used with animals are progressive, stage by stage procedures. The contribution of bista ...
... response task in three successive stages (1: movement, reward; 2: go signal, movement, reward; 3: instruction stimulus, go signal, movement, reward). The rationale for this protocol is that the training protocols used with animals are progressive, stage by stage procedures. The contribution of bista ...
Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Disorders Review of
... • Concussion – is defined as a short loss of normal brain function in response to a head injury. • Common among athletes who suffer sport injuries, concussions are also common in older adults who, as a result of a fall, have hit or injured their head. • Approximately 82% of all TBI’s are mild. With ...
... • Concussion – is defined as a short loss of normal brain function in response to a head injury. • Common among athletes who suffer sport injuries, concussions are also common in older adults who, as a result of a fall, have hit or injured their head. • Approximately 82% of all TBI’s are mild. With ...
Review The Neural Basis of Perceptual Learning
... to a period in early postnatal life known as the critical period. The cortical basis of critical period plasticity was discovered by Hubel and Wiesel, who found that the balance of input from the two eyes, or ocular dominance, could be altered by restricting visual experience to one eye. The capacit ...
... to a period in early postnatal life known as the critical period. The cortical basis of critical period plasticity was discovered by Hubel and Wiesel, who found that the balance of input from the two eyes, or ocular dominance, could be altered by restricting visual experience to one eye. The capacit ...
Convergent evolution of complex brains and high intelligence
... and hymenopterans (Hymenoptera, i.e. wasps, bees, ants, etc.). In cockroaches, flies, bees and wasps, among others, the MBs are very large and composed of two calyces, and a peduncle consisting of two lobes, the a and the b lobe. In the honeybee, the MBs occupy about half of the volume of the brain ...
... and hymenopterans (Hymenoptera, i.e. wasps, bees, ants, etc.). In cockroaches, flies, bees and wasps, among others, the MBs are very large and composed of two calyces, and a peduncle consisting of two lobes, the a and the b lobe. In the honeybee, the MBs occupy about half of the volume of the brain ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.